The 7.62ÃÆ'â € "51mm NATO (NATO official nomenclature of 7.62 NATO) is a rifle equipped with rimless cartridge developed in the 1950s as a standard for small arms among NATO countries. Should not be confused with the same named Russia 7.62ÃÆ' â € "54mmR cartridge, cartridge framed a little longer.
It was introduced in the US service on M14 rifles and M60 machine guns in the late 1950s. M14 was replaced in US service when infantry adopted 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm NATO M16. However, M14 and many other firearms using round 7.62ÃÆ' â € "51 remain in operation, especially in the case of various sniper rifles, medium machine guns such as M240, and various rifles used by special operations forces. These cartridges are used both by infantry and on guns that are installed and serviced by crews who are fitted to vehicles, aircraft and ships.
Although not identical, NATO 7.62 Æ' â € "51mm and commercial 305 cartridges are quite similar so that they can be loaded into the rifles provided for other rounds, but Winchester.308 cartridges are usually loaded to a higher pressure than the 7.62ÃÆ' â €" 51mm NATO Cartridge. Although the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) does not consider it unsafe to fire commercial rounds in the weapons chamber for NATO rounds, there is a significant discussion of compatible spaces and muzzle pressure between the two cartridges based on powder load and wall thickness on military vs. round commercial. While the debate goes both ways, ATF recommends checking the stamping on the barrel; if one is unsure, one can consult a firearm maker.
Video 7.62×51mm NATO
Overview
NATO cartridges 7.62ÃÆ' â € "51mm approached ballistic performance from the original US military.30-06 Springfield M1906 cartridge service. Modern propellers enable similar performance from smaller casing with less casing capacity, casing that requires less brass and produces shorter cartridges. This shorter cartridge allows a slight reduction in the size and weight of firearms that wrap it, and better biking in automatic and semi-automatic rifles. The 0.30-06 Springfield M1906 round is weighed 26.1 grams (403 grams), and 7.62 Ã-51mm NATO M80 rotation weighs 25.4 grams (392 gr).
Maps 7.62×51mm NATO
Development
The work that will eventually develop the 7.62ÃÆ' â € "51mm NATO begins right after World War I when a hefty 30% cartridge proved difficult to adapt to semi-automatic rifles. The less powerful cartridges will allow a lighter combustion mechanism. At that time the most promising design was 0.276 Pedersen. When it finally showed that 0.30-06 was suitable for semi-automatic rifle, 0.276 was dropped.
So when the war seemed to be looming again, just a few decades later, 0.30-06 was the only round available, and M1 Garand provided US troops with bigger guns than gun-firing opponents. The Garand performed so well that the US saw little need to replace it during World War II, and 0.30-06 presented far beyond the Korean War and into the mid-1950s. The.30-06 was officially replaced by 7.62 NATO M14 in 1957.
During the 1940s and early 1950s, several attempts were made to fix Garand. One of the most common complaints is the limited 8-round en-block clip, and many experimental designs modify the weapons with removable box magazines. Springfield Armory T20 is a fully automated version. Although not adopted, the experience with Garand's fully automated laid the foundation for his successor.
The pilot program continued for several years, including the original and modified 0.30-06 round.300 Savage (later known as T65 ). In the end, the T65 cartridge shows approximately the same strength as the original 0.30-06, firing 147 bullets (9.5 g) at 2,750 feet per second (840 m/s) but roughly 1 / 2 inch (13 mm) shorter. The end result of this competition is the T44 rifle.
When the United States developed the T65 cartridge, the British military took a different route. They have spent a lot of time and effort developing middle power. 2280 English cartridge (7 mm) with eyes pointed to fully controlled automatic fire. The US adheres to its desire not to reduce the effectiveness of individual-directed shot. The American philosophy is to use automatic fire for emergencies only and continue to use semi-automatic fire most of the time. After a major debate, the Canadian Army announced that they would be happy to use 0.280 but only if the US did it too. It's clear the US will not use 0.280. Britain began introducing 0.280 along with bull-pup Rifle No. 9, but the process was stopped for the sake of harmonization in NATO. The T65E5 [7.62ÃÆ'â € "51mm] was selected as a standard NATO cartridge in 1954.
Winchester Ammunition (a division of Olin Corporation) saw the market for civilian models of the T65 cartridge and was released commercially in 1952 as.308 Winchester, two years before the adoption of a cartridge by NATO. Dimensions of 0.308 Winchester are almost the same as 7.62mm NATO. The space from the first had a slightly shorter headroom and a thin box wall than the latter due to changes in specifications between 1952 and 1954. This allowed 7.62mm NATO ammunition to feed reliably in a cubicle rifle for 308 Winchester rifles but could lead to.308 Winchester ammunition the case broke out when fired on a billiard rifle for 7.62mm NATO.
The T44 was adopted as the M14 in 1957. Around the same time the British and Canadians adopted the Belgian FN FAL (L1A1 SLR UK) as L1 followed by the West German army as the G1. Germany immediately switched to a modified version of the Spanish CETME rifle by Heckler & amp; Koch is adopted as G3. With these three firearms, it is clear that 7.62 mm NATO can not be fired automatically due to recoil. Both M14 and FAL are then modified to restrict automatic selection entirely via semi-automated versions or voter keys. Efforts were also made to improve control with heavier bipod or barrel.
While this goes on, the US SALVO Project concludes that a four-round explosion into a 20-inch (51 cm) circle will result in twice the number of victims as a fully automatic explosion by one of these rifles, regardless of the size of the round. They recommend using a much smaller caliber.22 cartridge with two cartridges per cartridge (duplex load ), while other researchers are investigating a lighter flechette spray promising but offering better penetration than 30-30.
When M14 arrived in Vietnam, it was found there were some losses. The overall length of the rifle is not suitable for forest warfare. Also, the bullet weight of 7.62ÃÆ'â € "51mm limits the total amount of carryable ammunition compared to the 7.62 Ã- -39 cartridges from the Type 56 and AK-47 rifles, which the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army soldiers are equipped with. In addition, the original timber version published in M14 is susceptible to curvature from moisture in the tropical environment, resulting in "zero wandering" and other accuracy issues, leading to the adoption of fiberglass stocks.
The battle between large and spherical groups reached its peak in the early 1960s, when test after test showed.223 Remington fired from AR-15 allowed 8 army units to outperform the 11-armed units armed with M14 at a short distance from 300 meters. US forces were able to carry more than twice as much as 5.56ÃÆ' â € "45mm ammunition as 7.62ÃÆ'â €" 51mm for the same weight, allowing them a profit against N.V.A. units armed with Type 56-1s.
In 1964, the US Army began replacing their M14s with the M16, sparking a host of other complaints from Britain. Apart from M14 having losses in forest battles, 7.62 Ã-51mm NATO weapons remain in military service worldwide due to several factors. The 7.62ÃÆ'-51mm NATO has proven to be much more effective than 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm in long span, and has since found popularity as a sniping round. For example, M14 variants such as Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle and M25 Sniper Rifle are used in the US military as snipers and designated sniper rifles. Shorter, easier handling 7.62mm rifles like Heckler & amp; Koch G3 remains in operation due to the accuracy, range, effectiveness and reliability of the cartridges.
Special loading was created for sniper rifles NATO 7.62 Ã-51mm. They use heavier, slimmer bullets that have a higher ballistic coefficient than standard round spins, which means they release longer-range velocities more gradually. Speed ​​loss is important for accurate remote shooting because the decrease from supersonic speed to transonic speed disrupts the bullet flight and affects poor accuracy. The standard M80 round ball weighs 147 grams and has a muzzle velocity of 200 ft/s (61 m/sec) faster than the 175 gr grill of M118LR sniping. However, the M80 drops to a subsonic velocity of about 875 m (957 yd), whereas the slower M118LR initially is supersonic to 950 m (1,040 y) due to low drag.
NATO Round 7.62 Ã-51mm still meets the demands of the designer for fully automatic reliability with full power rotation. It remained a major machine gun for almost all NATO forces until the 1990s, even used in older versions of the older 0.30-06 machine guns like the Browning M1919A4 from the era of World War II. The.303 British Bren gun can also be converted to fire round NATO 7.62 Ã-51mm. converted weapons were reclassified as L4 Light machine guns. It has been replaced with the role of light machine guns up to 5.56ÃÆ'â € "45mm NATO weapons, such as the widespread use of SAW M249, but the 7.62 round is still the standard space for most general purpose machine guns like M60E4, M240 and HK21 Germany and MG3 , and flexible installations such as helicopters, jeeps, and tanks. It is also commonly found in coaxial mount applications such as those found in parallel with the main guns on the tank.
The US Army has developed an enhanced version of the 7.62mm M80 ball, called M80A1 . M80A1 combines the changes found in 5.56 mm M855A1 spin. Like the M855A1, M80A1 is expected to have better hard-target penetration, more consistent performance against soft targets, and significantly increase the distance from this effect over the M80. The bullet was redesigned with a copper jacket and penetrated penetrating hard steel, removing 114.5 grains (7.4 g) of tin with the production of each M80A1 projectile. The M80A1 starts fielding in September 2014.
This four-character alphanumeric code is used by the US Armed Forces and NATO to identify cartridges, cartridge types, and packing methods (cartons, clips, link belts, or bulk) used.
- A111 (7.62mm Blank M82 Linked): The 100-M13 (M82 Blank) connected belt is packed in a cardboard box. There are two boxes per M19A1 ammunition can (200 rounds) and four cans of M19A1 ammunition per wire coffin (800 rounds). Used in M60 and M240 general purpose machinegun for training purposes.
- A159 (7.62mm Dummy M172 Linked) The 100-round M13 linked belt (M172 Dummy) is packed in a cardboard box. There are two boxes per M19A1 ammunition can (200 rounds) and four cans of M19A1 ammunition per wire coffin (800 rounds). The munitions are designed to simulate the M80 Ball ammunition-related belt. Used for weapon-making tests for conducting belt-pull tests for automatic weapons and for environmental conditioning test guns, mounts and ammunition. The M172-related belt is also used to develop new and/or improved mounting systems for vehicles containing M240 series machine guns.
- A165 (7.62mm Ball/Connected Tracker): Belt connected M13 along 750 (4 ÃÆ'â € "M80 Ball: 1 M62 Tracer). Used in 7.62 mm miniguns.
- AA11 (7.62mm M118LR Ball): 20-round carton (M118 Long Range Ball). There are 20 boxes per M2A1 ammunition can (400 rounds) and two cans of ammunition per wire coffin (800 rounds). Used in precision matches, designated snipers, and sniper rifles.
- AA11 (7.62mm Armor Piercing): Used in sniper rifles.
- AB79 (7.62mm Connected M80A1 Ball): Belt connected to a 100-round M13 (M80A1 Enhanced Ball) packed in a cardboard box on the M5 Bandoleer. There are two bandoleers (each 100 rounds) per M19A1 ammunition (total 200 rounds) and four boxes of M19A1 per wire rack (800 rounds). Used in M240 general purpose machineguns.
- AB86 (7.62mm Ball/Tracer Linked): The connected belt is 100-M13 (4 × M80A1 Enhanced Ball: 1 M62A1 Enhanced Tracer) packed in a cardboard box on the M5 Bandoleer. There are two bandoleers (each 100 rounds) per M19A1 ammunition (total 200 rounds) and four boxes of M19A1 per wire rack (800 rounds). Used in M240 general purpose machineguns.
See also
- 7.62ÃÆ' â € "51mm NATO firearms
- 7mm caliber
- caliber 7.62Ã, mm
- .276 Pedersen
- 7.62ÃÆ' â € "51mm CETME
- Caliber conversion arm
- NATO EPVAT Testing
- STANAG (NATO Standardization Agreement)
- List of gun cartridges
- Hand and rifle handguns
References
External links
- Various photos from 7.62ÃÆ'â € "51 NATO ammunition
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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