Closed circuit television ( CCTV ), also known as video surveillance , is the use of a video camera to transmit signals to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. This differs from the television broadcast in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may be using point to point (P2P), point to multipoint (P2MP), or wire mesh or wireless link. Although almost all video cameras conform to this definition, the term is most often applied to cameras used for surveillance in areas that may require monitoring such as banks, shops, and other areas where security is required. Although Videotelephony is rarely called "CCTV" one exception is the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool.
Public oversight using CCTV is common in many regions around the world. In recent years, the use of video cameras worn on the body has been introduced as a new form of surveillance, often used in law enforcement, with a camera located on the chest or the chief of police officers. Video surveillance has generated a significant debate about balancing its use with an individual's right to privacy even when in public.
In industrial plants, CCTV equipment can be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room, for example when the environment is unsuitable for humans. CCTV systems can operate continuously or are only required to monitor certain events. A more sophisticated form of CCTV, utilizing a digital video recorder (DVR), provides years of recording, with a wide selection of quality and performance and additional features (such as motion detection and email alerts). Recently, decentralized IP cameras, some equipped with megapixel sensors, support direct recording to network-mounted storage devices, or internal flash for truly stand-alone operations.
There are about 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide by 2016. About 65% of these cameras are installed in Asia. CCTV growth has slowed in recent years.
Video Closed-circuit television
History
The first CCTV system was installed by Siemens AG in Test Stand VII in PeenemÃÆ'¼nde, Nazi Germany in 1942, to observe the launch of the V-2 rocket. The famous German engineer, Walter Bruch, is responsible for the technology design and installation of the system.
In the US, the first commercial closed-circuit television system was available in 1949, called Vericon. Very little is known about Vericon unless it is advertised as not requiring government permission.
Technology
The earliest video surveillance system involves constant monitoring as there is no way to record and store information. The development of reel-to-reel media enables recording surveillance records. This system requires magnetic tape to be changed manually, which is a time-consuming, expensive and unreliable process, with the operator having to manually install the ribbon from the tape reel through the recorder to the empty take-up reel. Due to this deficiency, video surveillance is not widespread. VCR technology began to be available in the 1970s, making it easier to record and delete information, and use of video surveillance became more common.
During the 1990s, digital multiplexing was developed, allowing multiple cameras to record at once, as well as time and motion-only recording. This increases the time and money savings that lead to an increase in the use of CCTV.
Recently CCTV technology has been enhanced with a shift towards Internet-based products and systems, and other technological developments.
Apps
Closed-circuit television is used for professional boxing, as a form of pay-per-view theater television. Boxing broadcasts broadcast live to a number of venue options, mostly cinemas, where viewers pay for tickets to watch the fight live. The first fight with closed circuit broadcast is Joe Louis vs. Joe Walcott in 1948. The closed circuit culminated in popularity with Muhammad Ali in the 1960s and 1970s, with the battle "The Rumble in the Jungle" drawing 50 million worldwide CCTV audiences in 1974 , and "Thrilla in Manila" attracted 100 Ã,/span> million worldwide CCTV viewers in 1975. Closed-circuit television was gradually replaced by cable television home cable in the 1980s and 1990s, an.
In September 1968, Olean, New York was the first city in the United States to install video cameras along its main business road in an effort to combat crime. Another early appearance was in 1973 at Times Square in New York City. The NYPD installed it to prevent crimes committed in the area; However, the crime rate does not seem to go down much due to the camera. However, during the 1980s, video surveillance began to spread throughout the country specifically targeting public areas. It is seen as a cheaper way to prevent crime than by increasing the size of the police department. Some businesses, especially those who are vulnerable to theft, are beginning to use video surveillance. Since the mid-1990s, police departments across the country have installed cameras in various public spaces including housing projects, schools and public parks. CCTV then became common in banks and stores to prevent theft, by recording evidence of criminal activity. In 1998, 3,000 CCTV systems were used in New York City. A study by Nieto in 2008 found many businesses in the United States have invested heavily in video surveillance technology to protect products and promote a safe working environment and consumers. A national survey of various companies found that 75 percent used CCTV surveillance. In the private sector CCTV surveillance technology is operated in various companies such as in industry/manufacturing, retail, finance/insurance/banking, transportation and distribution, utility/communication, health care, and hotel/motel. Parking area, jewelry store .
Experiments in Britain during the 1970s and 1980s, including outdoor CCTV in Bournemouth in 1985, led to several larger pilot trials of the decade. The first use by the local government was at King's Lynn, Norfolk, in 1987. It was considered successful in the government report "CCTV: Looking Out For You", issued by the Home Office in 1994, and paved the way for an increase in the number of installed CCTV systems. Today, the system covers most of the city and city centers, and many stations, car parks and plantations.
Maps Closed-circuit television
Usage
Prevention of crime
A systematic review of 2009 by researchers from Northeastern University and the University of Cambridge used meta-analytic techniques to collect the average CCTV effects on crime in 41 different studies. The results show that
- CCTV causes a significant crime reduction of 16% on average.
- The greatest effects of CCTV are found in car parks, where cameras reduce crime by an average of 51%.
- CCTV schemes in other public settings have little statistically significant effect on crime: a 7% reduction in city and city centers and a 23% reduction in public transport arrangements.
- When sorted by country, systems in the United Kingdom account for most of the decline; decline in other areas is not significant.
The studies included in the meta-analysis use a quasi-experimental evaluation design that involves a measure of crime before and after in the experimental and control areas. However, some researchers have pointed to the methodological issues associated with this research literature. First, the researchers argue that the study of British car parks included in the meta-analysis can not accurately control the fact that CCTV was introduced simultaneously with various other security-related measures. Secondly, some have noted that, in many studies, there may be problems with selection bias because the introduction of CCTV is potentially endogenous to previous crime trends. In particular, estimates of the effects may be biased if CCTV is introduced in response to crime trends.
It has been argued that selection issues of bias and endogenity can be overcome by stronger research designs such as randomized controlled trials and natural experiments. The 2017 review published in the Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention compiled seven studies using such research designs. The studies included in the review found that CCTV reduces crimes by 24-28% on public roads and urban subway stations. He also found that CCTV can reduce misbehavior in football stadiums and burglaries in supermarket/bulk merchant stores. However, there is no evidence that CCTV has the desired effect on suburban parking facilities or subway stations. Furthermore, the review shows that CCTV is more effective in preventing property crimes than violent crimes.
Another question in CCTV effectiveness for policing is around system uptime; in 2013 City of Philadelphia Auditors found that the $ 15M system only operates 32% of the time. There is still much research to be done to determine the effectiveness of CCTV cameras on crime prevention before conclusions can be drawn.
There is strong anecdotal evidence that CCTV helps in the detection and confidence of the offender; indeed British police forces routinely search for CCTV footage after the crime. In addition, CCTV has played an important role in tracking the movements of suspects or victims and is widely perceived by anti-terrorist officers as a fundamental tool in tracking suspected terrorists. Large-scale CCTV installations have played a key part of defense against terrorism since the 1970s. The cameras have also been installed on public transport in the hope of preventing crime, and in mobile police surveillance vehicles, often with automatic number plate recognition, and network cameras connected to APNI used to manage London's congestion loading zone. Even so, there is political animosity for monitoring and some commentators downplay the evidence of CCTV effectiveness, especially in the US. However, most of these statements are based on poor methodology or imperfect comparisons.
A more open question is whether most CCTVs are cost effective. While low-quality domestic kits cheap professional installation and maintenance of expensive high definition CCTV. Gill and Spriggs conducted a Cost-effectiveness (CEA) analysis of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little money savings by installing CCTV because most of the crimes that were prevented resulted in a slight loss of money. However, critics note that the benefits of non-monetary values ​​can not be captured in the traditional Cost Effectiveness Analysis and are omitted from their research. A 2008 Report by the British Police Chief concluded that only 3% of crimes were resolved by CCTV. In London, a Metropolitan Police report shows that in 2008 only one crime was resolved per 1000 cameras. In some cases, CCTV cameras are the target of the attack itself.
Cities like Manchester in the UK use DVR-based technology to improve accessibility for crime prevention.
In October 2009, an "Internet Eye" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report the crimes they witnessed. This site aims to add "more eyes" to the camera that may not be adequately monitored. Civil liberty fighters criticized the idea as "an unpleasant and worrying development".
In 2013 Oaxaca hired a deaf cop officer to read a conversation to uncover a criminal conspiracy.
In Singapore, since 2012, thousands of CCTV cameras have helped prevent moneylenders, nab litterbugs and stop illegal parking, according to government figures.
Body used
In recent years, the use of body-worn video cameras has been introduced for a number of uses. For example, as a new form of supervision in law enforcement, with a camera located on the chest or the chief of police officers.
Industrial process
Industrial processes occurring in hazardous conditions for humans are now often monitored by CCTV. This is primarily a process in the chemical industry, the interior of a reactor or a facility for the manufacture of nuclear fuel. Special cameras for some of these purposes include line and thermal camera scanners that allow operators to measure process temperatures. The use of CCTV in such a process is sometimes required by law.
Traffic monitoring
Many cities and highway networks have extensive traffic monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion and see accidents. However, many of these cameras are owned by private companies and transmit data to the driver's GPS system.
UK Highways Agency has a publicly-owned CCTV network of over 3000 Pan-Tilt-Zoom cameras covering highways and highway networks in the UK. This camera is mainly used to monitor traffic conditions and is not used as a speed camera. With the addition of fixed cameras for active traffic management systems, the number of cameras on the Highways CCTV network tends to increase significantly over the next few years.
London congestion charges are imposed by cameras placed on the border and within the congestion charge zone, which automatically reads the license plate of the car. If the driver does not pay the fee then the fine will be charged. A similar system is being developed as a means of finding cars that are reportedly stolen.
Other surveillance cameras work as traffic enforcement cameras.
Transport safety
A CCTV system can be installed anywhere for example, on subway trains, CCTV cameras allow the operator to ensure that people are clear from the door before closing it and starting the train.
Sports event
Many sporting events in the United States use CCTV in place for fans to see the action as they are away from their seats. The camera sends the feed to the central control center where the manufacturer selects the feed to be sent to a television monitor that the fans can see. CCTV supervisors to see events by participants are often placed in lounges, hallways, and toilets. The use of CCTV is not used for surveillance purposes.
Monitor employees
Organizations use CCTV to monitor workers' actions. Each action is recorded as a block of information with a subtitle describing the operations performed. It helps to track the actions of workers, especially when they make important financial transactions, such as correcting or canceling sales, withdrawing money or changing personal information.
Measures that an employer may wish to monitor may include:
- Scanning of goods, selection of goods, introduction of price and quantity;
- Input and output of operators in the system when entering a password;
- Remove operations and modify existing documents;
- Implementation of certain operations, such as financial statements or cash operations;
- Moving goods, removal of reassessment, and counting;
- Control in the kitchen of fast-food restaurants;
- Changes to settings, reports, and other official functions.
Each of these operations is shipped with a description, allowing detailed monitoring of all operator actions. Some systems allow users to search for specific events based on timing and text descriptions, and evaluate operator behavior statistics. This allows the software to predict deviations from the standard workflow and record only the anomalous behavior.
Use in school
In the United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand, CCTV is widely used in schools because of its success in preventing bullying, vandalism, monitoring visitors, and storing evidence records in crime events. There are some restrictions on installation, with the camera not installed in areas where there is a "reasonable expectation of privacy", such as bathrooms, gym locker areas and private offices (unless permission is given by the office clerk). "Ameras is generally accepted in hallways, parking lots, front offices where students, employees, and parents come and go, gymnasiums, cafeterias, inventory rooms and classrooms.Action of cameras in the classroom may be rejected by some teachers.
Criminal use
Criminals can use surveillance cameras to monitor the public. For example, a hidden camera at an ATM can catch people's PIN as they enter, unbeknownst to them. These devices are small enough not to be noticed, and are placed where they can monitor machine keypads when people enter their PIN. Images can be wirelessly transmitted to criminals.
Home security
In the early to mid-2000s, companies including ADT, LiveWatch, and SimpliSafe began offering CCTV to the consumer market for home safety and security. Cameras usually come as part of alarm monitoring packages that may also include fire and flood detection.
Prevalence
Worldwide
There are about 350 million surveillance cameras worldwide by 2016 compared to about 160 million in 2012. CCTV growth has slowed in recent years.
Asia
About 65% of CCTV cameras in the world are installed in Asia. In Asia, different human activities attract the use of surveillance camera systems and services, including but not limited to businesses and related industries, transportation, sports, and environmental care.
In 2018, China reportedly has an enormous surveillance network with more than 170 million CCTV cameras with 400 million new cameras expected to be installed in the next three years, many of which use face recognition technology.
United States
There are about 30 million surveillance cameras in the United States in 2011. Video surveillance has been common in the United States since the 1990s; for example, one manufacturer reported a net income of $ 120 million in 1995. With lower costs and easier installation, the sale of home security cameras increased at the beginning of the 21st century. After the September 11 attacks, the use of video surveillance in public places became more common to prevent future terrorist attacks. Under the Domestic Security Grants Program, government grants are available for cities to install surveillance camera networks. In 2009, there were an estimated 15,000 CCTV systems in Chicago, many associated with an integrated camera network. The New York City Domain Awareness System has 6,000 video surveillance cameras linked together, there are more than 4,000 cameras on the subway system (though almost half of them do not work), and two thirds of large apartments and commercial buildings use video surveillance cameras. In the Washington D.C. region, there are more than 30,000 surveillance cameras in schools, and Metro has nearly 6,000 cameras used across the system.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, most CCTV cameras are not operated by government agencies, but by private individuals or companies, primarily to monitor store and business interiors. According to the Freedom of Information Act 2011 request, the total number of government-operated CCTV cameras is around 52,000 compared to the UK overall.
Although the special law of running a home CCTV system in the UK is somewhat unclear there are published rules and regulations which, although most common sense, do include some laws that most people may not be aware of, including registering with ICO as a data controller if a CCTV camera captures an image public anywhere outside, or outside your property.
An article published in CCTV Image magazine estimates the number of cameras operated by private and local government in the UK is 1.85 million in 2011. This estimate is based on extrapolations from a comprehensive survey of public and private cameras within the Cheshire jurisdiction Constabulary. It serves as an average of one camera for every 32 people in the UK, although camera density varies greatly from one place to another. The Cheshire report also claims that the average person on a typical day will be seen by 70 CCTV cameras.
The Cheshire character is considered to be more reliable than previous research by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of UrbanEye published in 2002. Based on a small sample at Putney High Street, McCahill and Norris extrapolated the number of surveillance cameras in Greater London to about 500,000 and the total number of cameras in the UK to about 4.2 million. According to their estimates, the UK has one camera for every 14 people. Although it has been admitted for several years that the methodology behind this figure is flawed, it has been widely cited. Furthermore, the 500,000 figure for Greater London is often confused with figures for police and local government-operated cameras in the City of London, which is about 650 in 2011.
CCTV User Group estimates that there are about 1.5 million CCTV cameras private and local government in major city centers, stations, airports and retail areas in the UK. This figure does not include a smaller surveillance system as might be found in local corner stores and is therefore broadly in line with Cheshire reports.
Research conducted by the Scottish Crime Research Center and Justice and based on a survey of all Scottish local authorities, identifies that there are more than 2,200 CCTV cameras public space in Scotland.
Defra made it legal in 2017 to require all Abbatoir in the UK who are now protected by CCTV to prevent animal cruelty during the slaughtering process.
Canada
The SCRAM project is a police effort by the Halton Regional Police Service to register and help consumers understand the complex privacy and safety issues facing households when dealing with the installation of home security systems. "The SCRAM program allows community members to voluntarily identify and register their home video surveillance equipment through a simple, secure, confidential online form." Not yet expanded for commercial business. Extensive efforts to provide registration and monitoring of home security and systems. "The registration and monitoring of security cameras is a community-based crime prevention and investigative tool that enlarges citizens' help and can help prevent crime at three levels.Video surveillance video cameras can prevent criminals from entering the area, can prevent crimes from happening and help resolve crimes by providing evidence worth the police. "
South Africa
In South Africa due to the high level of crime, CCTV surveillance is very prevalent but the country is slow to implement the latest technology, eg. the first IP camera was released in 1996 by Axis Communications but the IP cameras did not arrive in South Africa until 2008. To regulate the number of suppliers in 2001 the Law on Private Security Industry Regulation was passed that required all security companies to be registered with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA).
Latin America
In Latin America, the CCTV market is growing rapidly with increasing property crime.
Video surveillance and terrorism
The material collected by surveillance cameras has been used as a tool in post-event forensics to identify tactics, techniques, and perpetrators of terrorist attacks. In addition, there are various projects - such as INDECT - that aim to detect suspicious behavior from individuals and people alike. It has been argued that terrorists will not be blocked by cameras, that terror attacks are not really the subject of current use of video surveillance and that terrorists may even see it as an additional channel for the propaganda and publication of their actions. In Germany calls for extended video surveillance by the country's major political parties, the SPD, CDU and CSU have been dismissed as "little more than a placebo for subjective feelings of security".
Privacy
Many campaign groups, academics, and civil consultants have published research papers into the CCTV system. CCTV opponents point out the loss of privacy of the supervised person, and the negative impact of oversight on civil liberties. Furthermore, they argue that CCTV replaces crime, rather than reducing it. Critics often dub CCTV as "Big Brother's surveillance", a reference to George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which features a two-way telescreen in every home where the Party will monitor the population.
Supporters of CCTV cameras argue that cameras are effective in deterring and resolving crime, and that appropriate legislation and legal restrictions on public sphere monitoring can provide adequate protection so that a person's privacy rights can be reasonably weighed. monitoring benefits. However, anti-surveillance activists have stated that there is a right to privacy in public areas. Furthermore, while it is true that there may be scenarios in which a person's right to public privacy can reasonably and justifiably be compromised, some scholars argue that such a situation is so rare that it does not adequately guarantee the frequent compromise of the privacy rights of the public. in areas with extensive CCTV surveillance. For example, in his book Set a Watch: Privacy and CCTV Oversight Ethics , Beatrice von Silva-Tarouca Larsen argues that CCTV surveillance is ethically permissible only in certain "limited situations", such as when certain locations have " which are comprehensively and significantly documented ". The main reason is that extensive CCTV surveillance violates citizens' rights to privacy and anonymity in the public sphere by endangering their freedom and dignity. He concluded that CCTV surveillance should be provided for certain circumstances where there are clear and proven benefits for implementation and some ethical compromise.
In the United States, the Constitution does not explicitly include the right to privacy even though the Supreme Court has said several amendments to the Constitution implicitly grant this right. Access to surveillance video surveillance may require a judge's warrant, which is already available. However, there are few rules and regulations specific to video surveillance.
All countries in the European Union are signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights protecting the rights of individuals including the right to privacy. The EU Data Protection Directive regulates access to personal data including CCTV recordings. These directives are translated into the national laws of each country in the European Union.
In the United Kingdom, the Data Protection Act 1998 imposes legal restrictions on the use of CCTV footage and mandates the registration of CCTV systems with the Data Protection Agency. In 2004, a substitute for the Data Protection Agency, the Office of the Information Commission clarified that this required the registration of all CCTV systems with the Commissioners, and promptly deleted records. However, the subsequent case law (Durant vs. FSA) limits the scope of protection provided by this law, and not all CCTV systems are currently regulated. Nevertheless, private sector personnel in the UK who operate or monitor CCTV devices or systems are considered security guards and have been made subject to state licensing.
A 2007 report by the Office of the British Information Commission, highlights the need for the public to become more aware of the increased use of oversight and the potential impact on civil liberties. That same year, a campaign group claimed that the majority of CCTV cameras in Britain were operated illegally or violated the privacy guidelines. In response, the Information Commission Office denied the claim and added that any violations reported from the Data Protection Act were quickly investigated. Even if there are some concerns arising from the use of CCTV as it involves privacy, more commercial companies are still installing CCTV systems in the UK.
In 2012, the British government enacted the Freedom Protection Act which includes several provisions relating to the control and limitation of the collection, storage, retention and use of information about individuals. Under this Act, the Home Office publishes the code of practice in 2013 for the use of surveillance cameras by government and local authorities. The purpose of this code is to help ensure its use is "marked as oversight by approval, and such approval on the part of the public shall be approved and not assumed by the operator of the system." Supervision oversight shall be regarded as analogous to the police with consent.
In Canada, the use of video surveillance has grown enormously. In Ontario, the municipal and provinces version of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act describes a very specific guide that controls how images and information may be collected by this method and/or released.
In Sweden, the use of CCTV in public spaces is regulated nationally; require permission for each operator (including the Swedish Police Authority) to install CCTV in public spaces. In a poll commissioned by Lund University in August 2017, the Swedish general public was asked to choose a measure that would ensure their need for privacy when subject to CCTV operations in the public sphere. 43% preferred regulation in the form of clear routines to manage, store and distribute the image material generated from surveillance cameras, 39% liked regulation in the form of clear signs that informed cameras surveillance in the public sphere, 2% liked the rules in the form of owning permission limits the use of surveillance cameras for certain times of the day/week, 10% prefers regulations in the form of limiting policies for issuing licenses for surveillance cameras in public spaces. 6% are not sure or do not know.
Technological developments
Analytics and computer-controlled identification
Computer-controlled cameras can identify, track, and categorize objects in their field of view.
Video content analysis (VCA) is the ability to analyze videos automatically to detect and define temporary events that are not based on a single image. Thus, it can be seen as the automatic equivalent of the biological visual cortex.
Systems that use VCAs can recognize changes in the environment and even identify and compare objects in the database using size, speed, and sometimes color. Camera actions can be programmed based on what's "viewed". As an example; an alarm may be issued if the object moves in a certain area, or if the painting is missing from the wall, or if smoke or fire is detected, or if the person running is detected, or if the person is dropped detected and if someone has spray painted lenses, lens cover, defocus and other so-called camera interference events.
VCA analytics can also be used to detect unusual patterns in an environment. This system can be set to detect anomalies in the crowd, for example a person is moving in the opposite direction at the airport where passengers should be running in only one direction out of the plane or on the subway where people are not supposed to exit through the entrance.
VCAs can track people on maps by calculating their positions from images. Then it is possible to connect multiple cameras and track someone through the entire building or area. This can allow a person to follow without having to analyze the hours of the movie. Currently the camera has trouble identifying individuals from the video only, but if it is connected to a key-card system, identities can be set and displayed as tags over their heads in the video.
There is also a significant difference where the VCA technology is placed, whether data is being processed inside the camera (on edge) or by a centralized server. Both technologies have pros and cons.
The facial recognition system is a computer application to automatically identify or verify someone from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One way to do this is to compare the selected facial features of the image and face database.
The combination of CCTV and facial recognition has been tried as a form of mass surveillance, but it is ineffective because of the power of differentiating low face recognition technology and the very high number of false positive results. Such a system has been proposed to compare faces at airports and ports with people suspected of being unwanted terrorists or migrants.
The computerized CCTV image monitoring is under development, so a human CCTV operator does not have to always look at all screens, allowing operators to observe more CCTV cameras. This system does not observe people directly. Insta Type of body movement behavior, or certain types of clothing or luggage.
For many people, the development of CCTV in public places, linked to computer databases of image and person identity, presents serious violations of civil liberties. Conservative critics fear the possibility that a person will no longer have anonymity in public places. Demonstrations or assemblies in public places can be affected because the state will be able to list the people who lead them, take part, or even just talk to the protesters on the street.
Relatively harmless is a person counting system. They use CCTV equipment as the front end of a device that performs a form recognition technology to identify the object as a human and calculate the person passing through a predetermined area.
Retention, storage and preservation
Most CCTV systems can record and store digital video and images to a digital video recorder (DVR) or, in the case of IP cameras, directly to the server, either onsite or offsite.
There is a cost in image retention generated by CCTV systems. The amount and quality of data stored on the storage media is subject to the compression ratio, the image stored per second, the size of the image and is affected by the video or image retention period. Dvr stores images in various exclusive file formats. Records can be stored for a set amount of time and then automatically archived, overwritten or deleted, periods determined by the organization that produced them.
Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP)
Closed-circuit digital photography (CCDP) is more suitable for capturing and storing high-resolution photos recorded, while closed-circuit television (CCTV) is more suitable for direct monitoring purposes.
However, an important feature of some CCTV systems is the ability to take high-resolution images from camera scenes, eg. at intervals or motion-detection. Images taken with digital cameras still often have higher resolution than those taken with some video cameras. Increasingly, high resolution digital cameras with low cost can also be used for CCTV purposes.
Images can be monitored remotely when the computer is connected to the network.
IP camera
The branch that grows on CCTV is the internet protocol camera (IP camera). It is estimated that the year 2014 is the first year of IP camera issued an analog camera. IP cameras use the Internet Protocol (IP) used by most Local Area Networks (LANs) to transmit video over a data network in digital form. IPs can optionally be transmitted over the public internet, allowing users to view their cameras via an Internet connection available via a computer or phone, this is considered as remote access. For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted within a private network or VPN, or can be recorded to a remote server.
Create a network of CCTV cameras
The city of Chicago operates a networked video surveillance system that incorporates CCTV video feeds from government agencies with private agencies, installed on city buses, businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects, etc. Even homeowners can donate recordings. Expected to include video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.
This system is used by the Chicago Emergency Management Office in the event of an emergency call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed from the nearest security camera to the operator, requiring no user intervention. Although the system is too large to allow complete real-time monitoring, the system stores video data for future use to provide for possible evidence in criminal cases.
New York City has a similar network called the Domain Awareness System.
London also has a network of CCTV systems that allow many authorities to view and control CCTV cameras in real time. This system allows the authorities including the Metropolitan Police, Transport for London and a number of London districts to share CCTV images among them. It uses a network protocol called Television Network Protocol to allow access to more cameras than each individual system owner is capable of running and maintaining.
Glynn County Police Department uses a wireless network system from a portable battery-powered tripod for direct megapixel video monitoring and central monitoring of tactical police situations. The system can be used on a stand-alone basis with secure communications to the nearest police laptop, or in larger mesh systems with multiple tripods feeding the video back to the command vehicle via wireless, and to the police headquarters via 3G.
Integrated system
The integrated system allows different security systems, such as CCTV, access control, intruder alarms and intercom to operate together. For example, when an intruder alarm is activated, a CCTV camera covering the intrusion area is recorded at a higher frame rate and sent to the Alarm Reception Center.
Wireless security camera
Many consumers turn to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. The wireless camera does not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, just wired for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install, but lack the reliability of programmable cameras. Previous wireless security cameras rely on analog technology; Modern wireless cameras use digital technology that delivers sharp audio, sharper video, and safe and interference-free signals.
Talking CCTV
In Wiltshire, England, 2003, a pilot scheme for what is now known as "Talking CCTV" is incorporated into action; allowing CCTV camera operators to order offenders to stop what they are doing, ranging from ordering the subject to pick up their trash and putting it in the trash to order the group of vandals to disband. In 2005 Ray Mallon, the mayor and former senior police officer Middlesbrough implements "Talking CCTV" in his area.
Other cities have installed such cameras. In 2007 several devices were installed in downtown Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire.
Countermeasures
Due to the wide implementation of surveillance cameras, glasses are being built that can beat CCTV cameras. In December 2016, an anti-CCTV form and face recognition glasses called 'reflectacles' were invented by Chicago-based custom-spectacle craftsman Scott Urban. They reflect infrared and, optionally, visible light that makes the user face blurry white for the camera. The project easily surpassed its $ 28,000 funding goal and reflective will be commercially available by June 2017.
CCTV camera vandalism
Unless physically protected, CCTV cameras have been found vulnerable to various (mostly illegal) tactics:
- Some people will intentionally destroy the camera. Some cameras can be equipped with dustproof, pressurized, explosion-proof, and bulletproof housing.
- Spraying substances over the lens can make the image too blurry to look at.
- The laser can blind or damage it. However, since most of the lasers are monochromatic, color filters can reduce the effects of laser pointers. But filters also impair the image quality and overall camera light sensitivity (see laser safety article for details on problems with filters). In addition, the complete protection of lasers of any wavelength will require the use of a completely black filter, making the camera useless.
Cost
The cost of installing security cameras in Los Angeles, USA ranges from US $ 300 to US $ 3,500. However, on average, the cost can range from US $ 893 - US $ 2,267. The price will go up depending on the specific requirements or level of security that will be required.
Factors affecting security camera installation costs
Among other factors, the type of dedicated camera used has the most significant impact on its cost. The average cost of two digital cameras packed with LCD monitors is around US $ 450. Different brands can also have different prices. The type of technology used also has the impact of installation costs of security cameras. Wireless camera systems are generally more expensive than their cable counterparts.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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