Recycling computer , electronic recycling or e-waste recycling is the disassembly and separation of components and raw materials of electronic waste. Although reuse procedures, donations and repairs are not fully recycled, they are another common sustainable way to dispose of IT waste.
In 2009, 38% of computers and a quarter of total electronic waste were recycled in the United States, 5% and 3% from the previous 3 years. Since the early 1990s, more and more devices have been recycled worldwide due to increased awareness and investment. Electronic recycling occurs primarily to recover precious metals and precious precious metals, which are in short supply, as well as plastics and metals. These are resold or used in new devices after purification, essentially creating a circular economy. But we can also use useful components of dead computers that may be damaged beyond repair so as to make or use parts on a new computer that can cover material costs as another cheap way to be recycled in homes and work areas.
Recycling is considered environmentally friendly as it prevents hazardous waste, including heavy metals and carcinogens, from entering the atmosphere, landfills or waterways. While electronics comprise a fraction of the total waste generated, they are much more dangerous. There are strict laws designed to enforce and encourage the sustainable disposal of equipment, most notably the EU Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste Directive and the US National Computer Recycling Act.
Video Computer recycling
Reason for recycling
Outdated and old electronic computers are a valuable resource for secondary raw materials if they are recycled; otherwise, this device is a source of toxins and carcinogens. Rapid technological changes, low initial cost, and planned obsolescence have resulted in surpluses of computers and other rapidly growing electronic components around the world. Technical solutions are available, but in many cases, legal frameworks, collection systems, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before implementing technical solutions. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates 30 to 40 million surplus PCs, classified as "hazardous household waste", will be ready for end-of-life management in the next few years. The US National Security Council estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are electronic.
In 2007, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) stated that more than 63 million computers in the United States were traded for replacement or disposal. Today, 15% of electronic devices and equipment are recycled in the United States. Most of the electronic waste is delivered to landfills or burned, releasing materials such as lead, mercury, or cadmium into soil, groundwater, and atmosphere, thereby adversely affecting the environment.
Many materials used in computer hardware can be recovered by recycling for use in future production. The reuse of tin, silicon, iron, aluminum, and various plastics present in large quantities in computers or other electronics can reduce the cost of building new systems. Components often contain lead, copper, gold and other valuable materials suitable for reclamation.
Computer components contain many toxic substances, such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), cadmium, chromium, radioactive isotopes, and mercury. An ordinary computer monitor may contain more than 6% lead by weight, many of which are on lead glass from cathode ray tubes (CRTs). A 15-inch (38 cm) computer monitor may contain 1.5 pounds (1 kg) of lead, but other monitors are estimated to have up to 8 pounds (4 kg) of lead. Circuit boards contain large amounts of lead tin solder that are more likely to seep into groundwater or create air pollution due to incineration. In US landfills, about 40% of the content's content comes from electronic waste. Treatment (eg incineration and acid treatment) required to recover these valuable substances may release, produce, or synthesize toxic by-products.
Waste exports to countries with lower environmental standards are a major concern. The Basel Convention includes hazardous wastes such as, but not limited to, CRT screens as items that may not be exported internationally without prior consent from exporting and receiving countries. Companies may find it cost-effective in the short term to sell obsolete computers to less developed countries with loose regulations. It is generally believed that the majority of surplus laptops are flown to developing countries. High value laptops and computers are functional and reusable, and components (such as RAM) can help pay for transportation costs for many useless commodities. The laws governing the export of waste electronics are in place to regulate recycling companies in developed countries that deliver waste to Third World countries. However, concerns about the impact of electronic recycling on human health, recycling workers' health and environmental degradation remain. For example, due to the lack of strict regulations in developing countries, workers sometimes destroy old products, push toxins to the ground, pollute the soil, and put those who do not wear shoes in jeopardy. Other procedures include burning wire insulation and acid baths to resell circuit boards. These methods pose an environmental and health hazard, because toxins are released into the air and acid bath residues can enter the water supply.
Maps Computer recycling
Rule
Europe
In Switzerland, the first electronic waste recycling system was implemented in 1991, beginning with an old refrigerator collection; over the years, all other electrical and electronic devices are gradually added to the system. The established manufacturer's responsibility organization is SWICO, primarily handling information, communication, and organization technologies. The EU implemented a similar system in February 2003, under Waste Electrical Equipment and Electronic Equipment (WEEE Directive, 2002/96/EC).
The European adoption pan of the law was slow on take-up, with Italy and Britain becoming the final member states to pass it into law. The success of the WEEE directive has varied significantly from state to state, with rates varying between 13 kilograms per capita per year to at least 1 kg per capita per year. Computers & amp; electronic waste collected from households in Europe are treated under WEEE directives through Producer Compliance Schemes (where Electronics manufacturers pay for schemes that fund their recovery from domestic waste recycling centers (HWRCs) and nominated Waste Treatment Facility (known as WEEE Required).
However, recycling hardware The company's used computers and related electronic equipment are outside the Producer's Compliance Scheme (Known as Unauthorized). In the UK, Waste or computer hardware associated with obsolete companies is treated through a third-party Official Treatment Facility, which normally charges for collection and maintenance.
United States
Federal
The United States Congress considers a number of electronic waste bills, such as the National Computer Recycling Act introduced by Congressman Mike Thompson (D-CA). The main federal law governing solid waste is the 1976 Conservation and Resource Recovery Act. It only covers CRTs, although state regulations may be different. There is also a separate law on battery disposal. On March 25, 2009, the House Science and Technology Committee approved funding for research on reducing electronic waste and reducing environmental impacts, considered by Ralph Hall (R-TX) sponsors as the first federal bill to directly handle electronic waste.
Status
Many countries have introduced laws on the recycling and reuse of computers or other computer or electronic components. Most American computer recycling laws address it from within the larger electronic trash problem.
In 2001, Arkansas enacted the Arkansas Electronic Computer and Waste Management Act, which requires state agencies to manage and sell surplus computer equipment, set up computers and electronic recycling funds, and authorize the Department of Environmental Quality to regulate and/or ban computer disposal and electronic equipment in the Arkansas TPA.
The recently approved Electronic Device Development and Recycling Law recently distributes grants to universities, government laboratories and private industries for research in developing projects that are aligned with e-waste recycling and repair.
Asia
In Japan, certain electronics vendors and manufacturers (such as televisions and air conditioners) are required to recycle it. However, there is no law to cover recycling of computer or mobile-related waste.
Required in South Korea and Taiwan that sellers and electronics manufacturers are responsible for recycling 75% of the products they use.
According to a report by UNEP entitled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste produced - including cell phones and computers - could increase by 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.
One theory is that increased regulation of electronic waste and concerns over environmental damage in a mature economy creates an economic disincentive to remove residues before it is exported. Electronic commerce criticisms used argue that it is too easy for brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countries, such as China, India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding spending on items such as cathode ray tubes the bad one. expensive and difficult processing). Developing countries become the big waste bins of e-waste. International trade advocates demonstrate the success of fair trade programs in other industries, where cooperation has resulted in the creation of sustainable jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where rates of improvement and reuse are higher.
Organizations such as the A2Z Group have stepped up to have the responsibility to collect and recycle electronic waste at various locations in India.
South Africa
Thanks to the National Environmental Management Act 1998 and the 2008 National Environmental Management Act, anyone in any position that causes environmental damage and fails to comply with the Trash Act may be subjected to R10 Million or incarcerated or receive both penalties for offenses they..
Recycling method
Consumer recycling
Consumer recycling options consist of sales (see below), donating computers directly to organizations in need, sending devices directly back to their original manufacturer, or getting components for recyclers or recyclers.
Scrapping/recycling
The rise in prices of precious metals - coupled with high unemployment rates during the Great Recession - has caused a large number of electronic recyclers to "profit" electronically. Computer components, for example, are stripped of their most valuable components and sold for scrap. Metals such as copper, aluminum, lead, gold and palladium are obtained from computers, televisions and more.
In the recycling process, TVs, monitors, cell phones and computers are usually tested for reuse and repair. If damaged, they can be disassembled because spare parts still have a high value if the labor is cheap enough. Other e-waste is grated up to about 100 mm and inspected manually to separate toxic batteries and capacitors containing toxic metals. The remaining pieces are then shredded to ~ 10 mm and passed under a magnet to remove the ferrous metals. Eddy currents emit non-ferrous metals, which are sorted by density by either a centrifuge or a vibrating plate. Precious metals can be dissolved in acid, sorted, and melted into ingots. The remaining glass and plastic shards are separated by density and sold to re-processors. TVs and monitors must be disassembled manually to remove toxic tin in CRT or mercury in a flat screen.
Corporations are at risk for both data that is not completely destroyed and for computers that are not properly discarded. In the UK, some recycling companies use registered WEEE registered contractors to dispose of IT equipment and electrical equipment, which dispose of them safely and legally. In America, companies are responsible for complying with regulations even if the recycling process is outsourced under the Conservation and Resource Recovery Act. Companies can mitigate this risk by requiring the release of responsibilities, audit trail, data destruction certificates, signed confidentiality agreements, and random security information audits. National Association of Information Destruction is an international trade association for data destruction providers.
Sales
Online auctions are an alternative for consumers who are willing to resell cash for less, in complex, self-managed, and competitive environments where paid listings may not be sold. Online classified ads can be just as risky as fraud and uncertainty scams.
Retrieve
When researching a computer company before purchasing a computer, consumers can find out if they offer recycling services. Most computer manufacturers offer some form of recycling. At the request of the user, they can send mail on their old computer, or arrange a pickup from the manufacturer.
Hewlett-Packard also offers free recycling, but only one of the nationally available "national" recycling programs, rather than in one or two specific countries. Hewlett-Packard also offers to take any computer products of any brand for a fee, and to offer coupons against purchases of computers or future components; it was America's largest computer recycler in 2003, and has recycled more than 750,000,000 pounds (340,000,000 kg) of global electronic waste since 1995. This encourages a collective point collection approach for consumers and recyclers to meet.
Exchange
Manufacturers often offer free replacement services when buying a new PC. Dell Computer and Apple Inc. take back the old product when buying a new one. Both update and resell their own computer with a one-year warranty.
Many companies buy and recycle all the broken and working laptop brands and notebook computers from individuals and companies. Building a market to recycle desktop computers has proven to be more difficult than exchange programs for laptops, smartphones and other small electronics. The basic business model is to provide instant online offers based on the characteristics of the laptop to the seller, then send the shipping label and the prepaid box to the seller, to remove, reformat, and process the laptop, and pay quickly by check. Most of these companies are also recyclers of electronic waste in general; organizations that recycle computers exclusively including Cash For Laptops, laptops in Nevada claiming to be the first to buy laptops online, in 2001.
Donations/nonprofits
With the constant increase of costs due to inflation, many families or schools do not have enough funds available for computers to be used in conjunction with educational standards. Families are also affected by the disaster as well because of the financial impact of their situation. Many nonprofit organizations, such as InterConnection.org, can be found locally as well as around the web and provide detailed descriptions of what methods are used for dissemination and detailed instructions on how to donate. The impact can be seen locally and globally, affecting thousands of people in need. In Canada, non-profit organizations involved in computer recycling, such as the Calgary Electronic Recycling Association, Edmonton, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, Computer for School Canada, are very active in collecting and repairing computers and laptops to help non-profit and charity sectors and schools.
Junkyard Computing
The term junkyard computing is an everyday expression for using old or inferior hardware to fulfill computing tasks while handling reliability and availability at the software level. It uses the abstraction of computing resources through software, enabling hardware replacement with very low effort. The ease of replacement with this is a corner point due to the expected hardware failure at any time due to underlying infrastructure conditions. This paradigm is becoming more widely used with the introduction of clustered orchestration software such as Kubernetes or Apache Mesos, since large monolithic applications require reliability and availability at machine level whereas this type of software is fault tolerance by design. The orchestration tools also introduce a fairly fast regulatory process that makes it possible to use computing the robbery in an economical way and even make this pattern work in the first place. Further use cases are introduced when sustainable delivery is increasingly widely accepted. Infrastructure to carry out static code testing and analysis is required which requires performance as much as possible while being highly cost-effective. From an economic and technological perspective, junkyard computing can only be done for a small number of users or companies. This already requires a decrease in the number of physical machines to compensate for hardware failures while maintaining the reliability and availability required. This implies a direct need for subordinate infrastructure that is suitable for the home of all computers and servers. Scaling this paradigm is also very limited because of the increasing importance of factors such as power efficiency and maintenance efforts, making such computing perfect for medium-sized applications.
History
Although consumer electronics such as radio have been popular since 1920, recycling was almost unheard of until the early 1990s. In the late 1970s the rate of acceleration of domestic consumer electronics drastically shortened the lifetime of electronics such as TVs, VCRs, and audio. New innovations emerge faster, making older equipment obsolete. The increasing complexity and sophistication of making make local improvements more difficult. The retail market shifts gradually, but substantially, from some high value items valued over the years and repaired when necessary, for short-lived items that are quickly replaced by wear or modes only, and removed rather than fixed. This is very clear in computing, highlighted by Moore's Law. In 1988, two major incidents highlighted the approaching e-waste crisis. The Khian Sea cargo barge, filled with over 14,000 tonnes of toxic ash from Pennsylvania is denied acceptance in New Jersey and the Caribbean. After sailing for 16 months, all the waste was disposed of as "dairy fertilizer" in Haiti and in the Bay of Bengal in November 1988. In June 1988, a large illegal toxic waste dump created by the Italian company was discovered. This led to the establishment of the Basel Convention to stem the flow of toxic substances from developed countries in 1989.
In 1991, the first electronic waste recycling system was implemented in Switzerland, starting with a collection of old refrigerators but gradually evolving to cover all devices. The SWICO organization handles the program, and is a partnership between IT retailers.
The first publication to report the recycling of computers and electronic waste was published on the front page of the New York Times on April 14, 1993 by columnist Steve Lohr. This details the work of Advanced Recovery Inc., a small recycler, in trying to safely disassemble computers, even if most of the waste is dumped. Several other companies emerged in the early 1990s, especially in Europe, where the national 'take back' law forced retailers to use it.
Once this scheme is created, many countries do not have the capacity to handle the quantity of electronic waste produced or its harmful nature. They start exporting problems to developing countries without enforced environmental regulations. It's cheaper: the cost of recycling computer monitors in the US is ten times more than in China. Demand in Asia for electronic waste begins to grow when yard pieces are found they can extract valuable substances such as copper, iron, silicon, nickel and gold, during the recycling process.
The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) became European Law in February 2003 and covered all aspects of recycling all types of tools. This is followed by the Electronic Waste Recycling Act, which is enshrined in California law in January 2005
The 2000s experienced a large increase in the sales of electronic devices and their growth as a waste stream: in 2002 e-waste grew faster than other types of waste in the EU. This led to investments in modern and automated facilities to cope with the excessive entry of equipment.
E-cycling
"E-cycling" or "E-waste" is an initiative by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which refers to donation, reuse, destruction and general electronic collecting. In general, this term refers to the process of collecting, brokering, disassembling, repairing and recycling components or metals contained in used or disposable electronic equipment, otherwise known as e-waste. "E-cyclable" items include, but are not limited to: televisions, computers, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, telephones and cell phones, stereos, and VCRs and DVDs almost all of which have cable, light or take a battery.
Investment in e-cycling facilities has increased recently due to rapid technological obsolescence, concerns over inappropriate methods, and opportunities for producers to influence secondary markets (product use and reuse). Higher metal prices also experience more recycling. Controversy surrounding the method comes from a lack of agreement on the desired outcome.
The world market with lower disposable income, considering 75% improvement and reuse becomes quite valuable to justify 25% disposal. The standards of debate and certification may lead to a better definition, although civil law contracts, which govern the expected process are still vital to any contracting process, which is not well defined as "e-cycling".
Excess e-cycling
Disposal of electronic waste occurring after processing for reuse, equipment repair, and metal recovery may be unethical or illegal when e-scrap of many types is transported abroad to a developing country for processing. It is transported as if it should be repaired and/or recycled, but after processing the less valuable e-memo into e-waste/pollution there. Another point of view is that the cost of a clean environment should be compared to and including mining, refining and extraction with the cost of waste and pollution from new products manufactured to replace secondary products routinely destroyed in rich countries, and which can not be repaired in a timely manner economical. in older or outdated products. As an example of the negative impact of electronic waste, groundwater contamination has become very serious in the area around China's landfill so water has to be shipped from 18 miles (29 km) away. However, new metal mining can have a wider impact on groundwater. Either e-cycling processing comprehensively, domestic processing or overseas improvements, can help the environment by avoiding pollution. As e-cycling can theoretically be a sustainable alternative to dumping electronic waste in landfills. In addition, e-cycling allows for the reclamation of potential conflicting minerals, such as gold and wolframite, which require less than mined and reduce the potential for money flows to militias and other exploitative actors in the Third World who take advantage of mining.
Supporters of one form of "mandatory electronic cycling" law argue that e-cycling saves taxpayers money, because financial responsibility will shift from taxpayers to producers. Simpler legislators (such as a landfill ban for e-waste) argue that involving manufacturers does not reduce costs to consumers, if the reuse value is lost, and the resulting costs are then passed on to consumers in new products, especially those affecting the market. who can barely afford to buy new products. It is theorized that manufacturers who take part in e-cycling will be motivated to use fewer materials in the production process, create more durable products, and implement safer and more efficient recycling systems. This theory is heavily debated and never pointed out.
E-cycling critic
The e-cycling critics are as vocal as their supporters. According to the Reason Foundation, e-cycling only increases product and cost of e-waste waste management for consumers and limits innovation on the part of high-tech companies. They also believe that e-cycling facilities can inadvertently cause massive damage to the environment. Critics claim that e-waste does not occupy a significant portion of the total waste. According to a study in Europe, only 4% of electronic waste.
Another opposition to e-cycling is the many problems caused in disassembly: the process is expensive and dangerous because heavy metals where electronic products are composed, and as little as 1-5% of the initial cost of materials can be taken. The last problem that people find is that identity fraud is too common in terms of electronic product disposal. Because these programs are legislated, creating winners and losers among e-cyclers with different locations and processes, it may be difficult to distinguish between criticism of e-cycling as a practice, and criticism of the specific legislative tools proposed to improve it.
The fate of e-waste
A hefty criticism often raised in recycling is that people think that they recycle their electronic waste, when in fact it is actually being exported to developing countries like China, India and Nigeria. For example, on a free recycled drive, "recyclers" may be unfaithful to their words, but sell e-waste abroad or to the brokerage section. Studies show that 50-80% of 300,000 to 400,000 tonnes (270,000 to 360,000 tonnes) of e-waste are being shipped overseas, and that about 2 million tonnes (1.8 million tonnes) per year go to the US TPA.
Although not possible in all circumstances, the best way to do e-cycle is by e-waste cycle. On the other hand, the electronic products in question are generally manufactured, and repaired under warranty, in the same country, which anti-recycle recyclers describe as primitive. Recycled e-recycle-based believes that fair trade incentives for export markets will lead to better results than domestic cuts. There has been an ongoing debate between eco-friendly e-cycling and increased regulatory practices.
In the EU, the debate over e-waste exports has resulted in significant changes to the WEEE directive (January 2012) with a view to significantly reducing WEEE exports (untreated electronic waste). During the debate at Strasburg, MPs stated that "53 million tons of WEEE were produced in 2009 but only 18% were collected for recycling" with the remainder being exported or shipped to landfill. The amendments, selected through a 95% unanimous vote, remove aspects of reuse (repair and rearrange) of directives and place more emphasis on recycling and recovery of precious metals and base metals. The amendment continues by placing a load on registered exporters to prove that used equipment leaving Europe is "fit for purpose".
Current policy issues and attempts
Currently, pieces of government legislation and a number of grassroots efforts have contributed to the growth of the e-cycling process that emphasizes the decline in exports on increasing rates of reuse. The Electronic Recycling Recycling Act was passed in California in 2003. This requires consumers to pay additional fees for certain types of electronics, and the money collected is then redistributed to eligible recycling companies to recycle this product correctly. It is the only country that legalizes e-waste through such consumer fees; the efforts of other countries to focus on producer's responsibility laws or waste disposal prohibitions. No research has shown that per capita recovery is greater in one type of legislation program (eg California) than with the usual waste disposal ban (eg Massachusetts), although recovery has greatly improved in the state using one method.
In September 2006, Dell developed the country's first free recycling program, advancing the responsibilities of manufacturers for electronic cycling. Manufacturers and retailers such as Best Buy, Sony, and Samsung have also set up a recycling program. The program does not receive television, which is the most expensive electronic item, and unpopular in the market that has to deal with television when a more valuable computer has been chosen.
Another step taken is a recycling promise of true stewardship, sponsored by the TakeBack Computer Campaign. This has been signed by many recyclers promising to recycle responsibly. Grassroots efforts also play a major role in this issue, as they and other community organizations are formed to help recycle electronic waste responsibly. Other grassroots campaigns are Basel, TakeBack Computer Campaign (coordinated by Grassroots Recycling Network), and Toxics Silicon Valley Coalition. No research has shown any difference in recycling methods under Pledge, and no data is available to show any difference in management between "Pledge" and non-Pledge companies, although it is assumed that the risk of making false claims will prevent the Pledge company from misrepresenting process them.
Many people believe that the US should follow the EU model in relation to electronic waste management. This refers to the concept of Extended Manufacturer Responsibilities, which began in Sweden in 1990. In this program, producers are directive powers to take responsibility for e-cycling; it also demands mandatory withdrawal of producers and prohibits the sale of e-waste to developing countries. British Columbia has over 20 EPR programs under the Recycle Rules Act, which stop e-waste from being put into landfills and recycling them instead. There are more than 80 programs in Canada by 2013.
Another long-term solution is that computers should consist of less harmful products and many people disagree. No data is provided to show that people who agree with the European model have based their agreement on measurable results or an experiential scientific method.
Data security
E-waste presents potential security threats for individuals and exporting countries. Hard drives that are not deleted properly before discarded computers can be reopened, thus exposing sensitive information. Credit card numbers, personal financial data, account information, and online transaction records are accessible to most willing individuals. Organized criminals in Ghana are generally looking for drives for information to be used in local fraud.
Government contracts have been found on hard drives found in Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Millions of dollars of agreements from US security agencies such as the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Transportation Security Administration and Homeland Security all reappear in Agbogbloshie.
Reasons to destroy and recycle securely
There are ways to ensure that not only destroyed hardware but also personal data on the hard drive. Having stolen, lost, or misplaced customer data contributes to an increasing number of people affected by identity theft, which can cause the company to lose more than money. The image of companies that hold secure data, such as banks, law firms, pharmaceuticals, and credit companies is also at risk. If the company's public image is injured, it could cause consumers not to use their services and could harm millions of people in positive business losses and public relations campaigns. Costs of data breaches "vary widely, ranging from $ 90 to $ 50,000 (under the new HITECH HIPAA change, which occurs through the American Recovery and Revitalization Act of 2009), according to customer records, depending on whether the offense is" low-profile "or" high profile "and the company is in an unregulated or highly regulated area, such as banking or medical institutions."
There is also a big reaction from consumers if there is a data breach in the company that should be trusted to protect their personal information. If an organization has recorded consumer information, they must by law (Red Flags Clarification Act of 2010) have written information protection policies and procedures, which serve to combat, mitigate, and detect vulnerable areas that could lead to identity theft. The US Department of Defense has issued standards that recyclers and individuals can recycle to meet HIPAA requirements.
Safe recycling
Countries have developed standards, aimed at businesses and with the aim of ensuring the security of Data contained in 'secret' computer media [NIST 800-88: US Standard for Data Remenance] [HMG CESG IS5, Baseline & Enforced, British Government Protocol for Data Destruction]. The National Association for Information Destruction (NAID) "is an international trade association for companies providing information destruction services, suppliers of products, equipment and services to destructive companies are also eligible for membership The NAID mission is to promote the information-destructive industry and standards and ethics member companies. "There are companies that follow the guidelines of NAID and also comply with all EPA Federal and local DEP regulations.
The typical process for computer recycling aims to destroy the hard drive safely while still recycling the byproducts. Typical process for effective computer recycling:
- Accept hardware for destruction in locked and transported vehicles safely.
- The hard drive is corrupted.
- Separate all aluminum from metal waste with electromagnets.
- Collect and secure shredded remnants to an aluminum recycling plant.
- Print the remaining hard drive parts into the aluminum rod.
The Disposal of Assets and Information Security Alliances (ADISA) issues the ADISA IT Asset Disposal Security Standard covering all phases of the electronic waste disposal process from collection to transportation, storage and sanitation at the disposal facility. It also conducts periodic audits of disposal vendors.
See also
- The circular economy
- Computer technology to develop an area
- Data deletion
- Data remanent
- Data Destroyer Degaussing
- Digger Gold
- Ecodesign
- Electronic trash
- Electronic Waste Recycling Cost
- Polychlorinated biphenyl
- Retrocomputing
- Security data sheet
- Policies and conventions
- The Basel Convention
- Electronic Recycling Recycling Act
- Prohibition of Hazardous Substances Dangerous (RoHS)
- Chinese RoHS
- Sustainable Electronics Initiative (SEI)
- Waste Guidance of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE directive)
- Organization
- Basel Action Network
- Camara
- Computer For School
- eDay
- Empower
- Free Geek
- International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement
- Non-Profit Technology Resources
- Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition
- Troubleshoot E-waste
- World Computer Exchange
References
External links
- The European Commission's Circular Economic Package 2015
- RECYCLING - FROM E-PLACE TO RESOURCES (UN Environment Program, 2009, 120 pages)
- WEEE Directive (U.K.)
- WEEE Directive (E.C.)
- Computer Donation Locations (USA)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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