An electric vehicle , also called EV , uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle can be activated through a collector system by electricity from sources outside the vehicle, or may be self-contained with batteries, solar panels or electric generators to convert fuel into electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric planes and spacecraft.
EV first appeared in the mid-19th century, when electricity was one of the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing the level of comfort and ease of operation that gasoline cars could not reach at the time. Modern internal combustion engines have been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for nearly 100 years, but electric power remains common in other types of vehicles, such as trains and vehicles that are smaller than all types.
In the 21st century, the EV saw a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on renewable energy. Government incentives to increase adoption are introduced, including in the United States and European Union.
Video Electric vehicle
History
The power of the electric motive began in 1827, when the Hungarian priest ÃÆ' nyos Jedlik built the first crude but decent electric motor, equipped with a stator, rotor and commutator, and the year after he used it to start a small car. A few years later, in 1835, professor Sibrandus Stratingh of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, built a small electric car and Robert Anderson of Scotland reportedly had made a rugged electric train between 1832 and 1839. Around the same period, the initial experimental electric car was also moving on the rails. Blacksmith and American inventor Thomas Davenport built a toy electric locomotive, powered by a primitive electric motor, in 1835. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that reached a speed of four miles per hour (6 km/h). In England, patents were granted in 1840 for the use of rails as electrical conductors, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.
Between 1832 and 1839 (a definite uncertain year), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric wagon, powered by primary non-rechargeable cells.
The first mass-produced electric vehicle appeared in America in the early 1900s. In 1902, the "Studebaker Automobile Company" entered the automotive business with an electric vehicle despite also entering the gasoline vehicle market in 1904. However, with the emergence of a cheap assembly car by Ford, the electric car fell to the curb.
Due to the limitations of storage batteries at the time, electric cars did not gain much popularity, but electric trains gained immense popularity due to their economy and speed that could be achieved. In the 20th century, electric rail transport became commonplace. Over time, general-purpose commercial use is reduced to special roles, such as platform trucks, forklift trucks, ambulances, rear tractors, and urban delivery vehicles, such as the iconic British aircraft carrier; for much of the 20th century, Britain is the world's largest user of electric vehicles.
Electric trains are used for transportation of coal, because the motor does not use valuable oxygen in the mine. The lack of Swiss natural fossil resources forced the rapid power of their railroad network. One of the original rechargeable batteries - the nickel-iron battery - favored by Edison for use in electric cars.
EV was one of the earliest cars, and before the excellence of light, powerful internal combustion engine, the electric car held many records of speed and distance of the vehicle in the early 1900s. They are manufactured by Baker Electric, Columbia Electric, Detroit Electric, and others, and at one point in the history of gasoline-powered vehicles. In fact, in 1900, 28 percent of cars on the road in the United States were electric. EV is so popular that even President Woodrow Wilson and his secret service agent toured Washington, DC, at their Milburn Electrics, which covers 60-70 mi (100-110 km) per charge.
A number of developments contribute to the decline of electric cars. Road infrastructure improvements require greater reach than those offered by electric cars, and the discovery of large petroleum reserves in Texas, Oklahoma, and California leads to the availability of affordable gasoline/gasoline, making inner-fueled cars cheaper to operate longer distances. Also the internal-powered combustion engine became easier to operate thanks to the invention of electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912, which eliminated the need for a hand crank to start the gasoline engine, and the noise emitted by the ICE car became more acceptable thanks to the use of the exhaust, which was discovered by Hiram Percy Maxim in 1897. Since roads were repaired outside of urban areas, the range of electric vehicles could not compete with ICE. Finally, the initiation of mass production of gasoline-powered vehicles by Henry Ford in 1913 significantly reduced the cost of gasoline cars compared to electric cars.
In the 1930s, the National City Lines, which is a partnership of General Motors, Firestone, and Standard Oil of California bought many electric tram lines across the country to dismantle and replace them with GM buses. The partnership was found guilty of conspiring to monopolize the sale of equipment and supplies to their subsidiaries, but was released from a conspiracy to monopolize the provision of transportation services.
Experiments
In January 1990, President of General Motors introduced the concept of his two-seater EV, "Impact", at the Los Angeles Auto Show. In September, the California Air Resources Board mandated EVs main-car sales, gradually starting in 1998. From 1996 to 1998 GM produced 1117 EV1, 800 of which were available through a three-year lease.
Chrysler, Ford, GM, Honda, and Toyota also produce a limited number of EVs for California drivers. In 2003, following the end of GM's EV1 contract, GM stopped it. This termination has been heavily associated with:
- challenges of successful federal automotive industry courts against California's zero-emission vehicle mandates,
- federal regulations that require GM to produce and maintain parts for several thousand EV1 and
- the success of oil and automotive industry campaigns to reduce public acceptance of EV.
A film made about the subject in 2005-2006 titled Who Killed the Electric Car? and released theatrically by Sony Pictures Classics in 2006. The film explores the role of car manufacturers, the oil industry, the US government. , batteries, hydrogen vehicles, and consumers, and each of their roles in limiting the spread and adoption of this technology.
Ford released a number of their Ford Ecostar delivery vans to the market. Honda, Nissan, and Toyota also took over and destroyed most of their EV, which, like the GM EV1, is only available with a closed rental. After the public outcry, Toyota sold its 200 EV RAVs to passionate buyers; they then sold for over forty thousand dollars. This lesson does not go unnoticed; BMW Canada sells a number of Mini EVs when their Canadian testing ends.
Production of CitroÃÆ'¼Å Berlingo Electrique ceased in September 2005.
Reintroduction
Over the last few decades, the environmental impact of the petroleum-based transport infrastructure, along with the fear of peak oil, has led to renewed interest in electricity transport infrastructure. EVs are different from fossil-fueled vehicles in terms of electricity they consume can be generated from various sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power, and wind power or a combination of them.. The carbon footprint and other emissions of electric vehicles vary depending on the fuel and technology used for power generation. The electricity can then be stored on top of the vehicle using batteries, flywheel, or superkapasitor. Vehicles using machines that work on the principle of combustion typically can only obtain their energy from one or more sources, usually non-renewable fossil fuels. The main advantage of hybrid electric vehicles or plug-in is regenerative braking because of their ability to recover energy that is normally lost during braking as electricity is stored in on-board batteries.
In March 2018, there are about 45 series of production that are capable of fulfilling all electric cars in various countries. In early December 2015, Leaf, with 200,000 units sold worldwide, is the world's best-selling electric car of all time, followed by Tesla Model S with global shipments of around 100,000 units. Global leaf sales reached a 300,000-unit milestone in January 2018.
As of May 2015, more than 500,000 electric-powered passenger cars and light utility vehicles have been sold worldwide since 2008, out of a total global sales of around 850,000 lightweight plug-in electric vehicles. As of May 2015, the United States has the largest fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in the world, with approximately 335,000 legal legal plug-in electric cars sold in the country since 2008, and represents about 40% of the global market. stock. California is the largest regional plug-in car market in the country, with nearly 143,000 units sold between December 2010 and March 2015, representing more than 46% of all plug-in cars sold in the US. Cumulative global sales of all electric cars and vans pass the milestone of 1 million units in September 2016.
Norway is the country with the highest per capita market penetration in the world, with four plug-in electric vehicles per 1,000 population by 2013. In March 2014, Norway became the first country where more than 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the road was a plug-in electricity. By 2016, 29% of all new car sales in the country are battery-powered hybrids or plug-ins. Norway also has the world's largest plug-in power market share of total new car sales, 13.8% in 2014, up from 5.6% in 2013. In June 2016, Andorra became the second country on this list, with 6% of the market share combines electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids because strong public policy provides many advantages. As of May 2015, there are 58,989 registered plug-in electric vehicles in Norway, consisting of 54,160 electric vehicles and 4,829 plug-in hybrids. By the end of 2016, 100,000 battery-powered cars from Norway were sold.
With some estimates the sale of electric vehicles may represent nearly a third of new car sales by the end of 2030.
Maps Electric vehicle
Power source
There are many ways to generate electricity, with various costs, efficiencies, and ecological desires.
Connection to generator generator
- direct connection to generating stations as they are common between electric trains, trolley buses and trolley trucks (See also: airway, third rail and flow line collection)
- The Online Electric Vehicles collect power from the electric power strip buried beneath the surface of the road through electromagnetic induction
Onboard generator and hybrid EVS
(See article on diesel-electric and petrol-electric hybrid drive for information on EVs using also combustion engines).
- is generated on-board using a diesel engine: diesel-electric locomotive
- generate on-board using fuel cell: fuel cell vehicle
- is generated on-board using nuclear energy: nuclear submarine and aircraft carrier
- renewable sources such as solar power: solar vehicles
It is also possible to have a hybrid EV that obtains electricity from multiple sources. As:
- on-board rechargeable electrical storage system (RESS) and ongoing direct connections to land-based generating plants for unlimited highway filling purposes
- on-board rechargeable electric storage system and fuel-propulsion power source (internal combustion engine): plug-in hybrid
Another form of chemical conversion to electricity is the fuel cell, which is projected for future use.
For very large EVs, such as submarines, chemical energy from diesel-electric can be replaced by nuclear reactors. Nuclear reactors usually provide heat, which drives the steam turbine, which drives the generator, which is then fed to the propulsion. View Nuclear Power
Some experimental vehicles, such as some cars and some planes use solar panels for electricity.
Onboard storage
The system is powered from an external generator set (almost always when stationary), and then disconnected before movement occurs, and electricity is stored in the vehicle until required.
- an on-board rechargeable electric storage system (RESS), called the Fully Electrical Vehicle (FEV). Power storage methods include:
- chemical energy stored in vehicles in on-board battery: electric vehicle battery (BEV)
- kinetic energy storage: flywheels
- static energy stored in the vehicle in a two-layer on-board electrical capacitor
batteries, two-layer electrical capacitors and energy storage flywheel is a form of rechargeable electric storage. By avoiding intermediate mechanical steps, energy conversion efficiency can be increased through hybrids already discussed, by avoiding unnecessary energy conversions. Furthermore, the conversion of electro-chemical batteries is easily reversible, allowing electrical energy to be stored in chemical form.
Lithium-ion battery
Most electric vehicles use lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries have higher energy density, longer life span and higher power density than most other practical batteries. The complicated factors include safety, durability, thermal damage and cost. Li-ion batteries should be used in a safe temperature and voltage range in order to operate safely and efficiently.
Increasing battery life reduces cost effectively. One technique is to operate a subset of battery cells at a time and divert this subset.
In the past, Nickel Metal Hydride batteries were used among EV cars like those made by General Motors. These types of batteries are considered outdated due to their tendency to discharge themselves in the heat. Battery patents are also held by Chevron which creates problems for its extensive development. These bullies coupled with their high cost have led to the leading Lithium-ion battery as the dominant battery for EV.
Electric motor
The power of the vehicle's electric motor, as in any other vehicle, is measured in kilowatts (kW). 100 kW is roughly the same as 134 horsepower, but the electric motor can provide maximum torque over a wide RPM range. This means that the performance of a vehicle with a 100 kW electric motor exceeds that of a vehicle with an internal combustion engine of 100 kW, which can only provide maximum torque within a limited range of engine speeds.
Energy is lost during the process of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. About 90% of the energy from the battery is converted to mechanical energy, the losses are in the motor and drivetrain.
Typically, a direct electric current (DC) is fed into a DC/AC inverter where it is converted into an alternating AC (AC) power and the AC power is connected to a 3-phase AC motor.
For electric trains, forklift trucks, and some electric cars, DC motors are often used. In some cases, a universal motor is used, and then AC or DC can be used. In recent production vehicles, various types of motors have been implemented, for example: Induction motors in Tesla Motor vehicles and permanent magnet engines at Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Bolt.
Vehicle type
In general it is possible to equip all types of vehicles with electric powertrain.
Vehicles on the ground
Plug-in electric vehicle
The plug-in (PEV) electric vehicle is a rechargeable motor vehicle from an external power source, such as a wall socket, and electricity stored in a rechargeable battery pack or contribute to moving the wheels. PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes all electric vehicles or electric batteries (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), and conversion of electric vehicles from hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.
Cumulative global sales of light heavy-duty heavy-duty vehicles that qualify highways pass through one million units in total, globally, in September 2016. Cumulative global sales of plug-in cars and utilities van reaches over 2 million by the end of 2016, in which 38% were sold in 2016, and 3 million milestones reached in November 2017.
In January 2018, the world's top-selling plug-in electric car is Nissan Leaf, with global sales of more than 300,000 units. In June 2016, it was followed by the Tesla Model S-all electric with approximately 129,400 units sold worldwide, the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid, which along with his brother Opel/Vauxhall Ampera has combined global sales of approximately 117,300 units, Mitsubishi Outlander P- HEV with approximately 107,400 units, and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid with more than 75,400 units.
EVS Hybrid
A hybrid electric vehicle incorporates a conventional powertrain (usually fossil fuel) with some form of electric propulsion. In April 2016, more than 11 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since it was founded in 1997. Japan is a market leader with over 5 million hybrids sold, followed by the United States with cumulative sales of over 4 million units since 1999, and Europe with about 1.5 million hybrids shipped since 2000. Japan has the highest hybrid market penetration in the world. In 2013 hybrid market share accounted for more than 30% of new standard passenger cars sold, and about 20% sales of new passenger vehicles including kei cars. Norway ranks second with a hybrid market share of 6.9% of new car sales in 2014, followed by the Netherlands with 3.7%
Global hybrid sales were conducted by Toyota Motor Company with more than 9 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold in April 2016, followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids in June 2014, Ford Motor Company with more than 424,000 hybrids sold in the United States through June 2015, and the Hyundai Group with a cumulative global sales of 200,000 hybrids in March 2014, including Hyundai Motor Company and hybrid model Kia Motors. In April 2016, worldwide hybrid sales were led by Toyota Prius liftback, with cumulative sales of more than 3.7 million units. The Prius board has sold more than 5.7 million hybrids until April 2016.
EVs on and off the road
EV is on the road in various functions, including electric cars, electric trolleys, electric buses, battery electric buses, electric trucks, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles and scooters, personal transporters, electric vehicles around residence, golf carts, milk buoys, and forklifts. Off-road vehicles include vehicles and tractors of all electric fields.
EVS Railborne
The fixed nature of the rail line makes it relatively easy to power the EV through a permanent air channel or an electrically powered third rail, thus eliminating the need for heavy onboard batteries. Electric locomotives, electric/tram/trolley trams, light electric rail systems, and electric fast transit are all common today, especially in Europe and Asia.
Because electric trains do not need to carry heavy internal combustion engines or large batteries, they can have an excellent power-to-weight ratio. This allows high-speed trains like TGV double decks from France to operate at speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph) or higher, and electric locomotives have much higher power output than diesel locomotives. In addition, they have higher short-run spikes for quick acceleration, and using regenerative brakes can put braking power back into the electrical grid rather than dispose of it.
Maglev trains are also almost always EVs.
Space transport
Unmanned and unmanned vehicles have been used to explore the Moon and other planets in the solar system. In the last three missions of the Apollo program in 1971 and 1972, astronauts rode a silver-oxide Lunar Roving Battery over a distance of 35.7 kilometers (22.2 mi) on the lunar surface. The inventor of solar powered, unmanned, has been exploring the Moon and Mars.
EVS Airborne
Since the dawn of flight time, electric power for aircraft has received many experiments. Current electric aircraft include unmanned and unmanned aerial vehicles.
Seaborne EVs
The electric boat is very popular around the turn of the 20th century. Calm and potential renewable marine transportation interests have steadily increased since the end of the 20th century, as solar cells have given infinite sailboats an unlimited sailboat. Electric motors can and have also been used in sailboats rather than traditional diesel engines. Electric ferries operate on a regular basis. Submarines use batteries (charged by diesel or gasoline engines on the surface), nuclear power, fuel cells or Stirling engines to run propellers driven by electric motors.
Spacecraft powered electric
Electric power has a long history of spacecraft usage. The resources used for spacecraft are batteries, solar panels, and nuclear power. Current methods of propelling spacecraft with electricity include arcjet rockets, electrostatic ion thruster, Hall thruster effect, and Electric Emission Propulsion Medan. A number of other methods have been proposed, with varying degrees of eligibility.
Energy and motors
Most electrical transport systems are supported by stationary power sources that are connected directly to the vehicle via cable. Electrical traction allows the use of regenerative braking, where the motor is used as a brake and becomes a generator that changes movement, usually, the train becomes electric power which is then fed back to the line. This system is very advantageous in mountain operations, because the declining vehicles can produce most of the power required for their ride. This regenerative system is only feasible if the system is large enough to harness the power generated by a decreasing vehicle.
In the above motion system provided by rotating electric motor. However, it is possible to "release" the motor to drive directly against a special matching track. This linear motor is used in maglev trains that float on the rails supported by magnetic levitation. This allows for virtually no rolling resistance of the vehicle and no mechanical wear of trains or trajectories. In addition to the required high performance control systems, switching and warping tracks becomes difficult with linear motors, which until now have limited their operations to high-speed point-to-point services.
Properties
Components
Battery type, motor traction type and motor control design varies according to size, power and proposed application, which can be as small as wheelbarrow or motorized wheelchair, via pedelec, electric motorcycles and scooters, electric vehicles in the neighborhood, industrial fork-lift trucks and including many hybrid vehicles.
Energy source
Although EV has several direct emissions, it all depends on the energy created through the power plant, and will usually emit pollution and generate waste, unless it is generated by a renewable source power plant. Because EVs use any electricity delivered by their electrical/power grid operators, EVs can be made more or less efficient, polluting and expensive to run, by modifying power stations. This will be done by electric utilities under the government's energy policy, on a time scale negotiated between utilities and government.
Fossil fuel efficiency and pollution standards take years to filter through the national vehicle fleet. New efficiency and pollution standards depend on new vehicle purchases, often when vehicles on the road reach the end of their life. Only a few countries are setting retirement age for older vehicles, such as Japan or Singapore, which force a periodic increase of all existing vehicles on the road.
EVs will take advantage of any environmental benefits that occur when renewable energy generation stations come online, fossil fuel power plants are disabled or upgraded. Conversely, if government policies or economic conditions shift generators back to using more polluting fossil fuels and in-vehicle combustion engines (ICEVs), or more inefficient sources, the reverse may occur. Even in such situations, electric vehicles are still more efficient than the number of comparable fossil fuel vehicles. In areas with deregulated electric energy markets, electric vehicle owners can choose whether to run their electric vehicles from conventional electrical energy sources, or strictly from renewable energy sources (possibly at an additional cost), encourage other consumers to conventional sources, and switch when just between them.
Problem with battery
Efficiency
Due to the different charging methods, the resulting emissions have been measured in various ways. All electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids also have different consumption characteristics.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation from high-performance electric motors has been claimed to be associated with several human diseases, but the claim is largely unproved except for very high exposure. Electric motors can be protected in Faraday metal cages, but this reduces efficiency by adding weight to the vehicle, while it is not conclusive that all electromagnetic radiation can be conceived.
Charging
Network Capacity
If most private vehicles are converted to electricity the network will increase demand for generation and transmission, and consequent emissions. However, energy consumption and overall emissions will be reduced due to higher EV efficiency throughout the cycle. In the United States there are estimated to have almost enough power generation and existing transmission infrastructure, assuming that most charging will occur overnight, using the most efficient off-peak base load source.
But in England, everything is different. While the high-voltage electrical transmission system of the National Grid is currently able to handle the demand for 1 million electric cars, Steve Holliday (CEO of National Grid PLC) said, "Upward penetration and becoming a real problem.Local distribution networks in cities like London may have trouble. " to balance their network if the driver chooses to connect all their cars at the same time. "
Charging station
EVs typically charge from conventional power outlets or specialty charging stations, a process that usually takes hours, but can be done overnight and often gives enough charge for normal everyday use.
However, with the widespread implementation of electric vehicle networks in major cities in the UK and Europe, EV users can plug in their cars while working and leave them to charge throughout the day, expanding the possibilities of congestion coverage and eliminating anxiety.
The recharge system that avoids the need for cabling is Curb Connect, patented in 2012 by Dr. Gordon Dower. In this system, electrical contacts are mounted to the roadside, such as the corner parking spaces in the city streets. When the appropriate official vehicle is parked so that the front end protrudes the sidewalk, the pavement contact becomes energized and charging occurs.
Another proposed solution for daily replenishment is a standard inductive charging system such as Evatran's Plugless Power. The benefit is the convenience of parking on the load station and minimizing wiring and connection infrastructure. Qualcomm is testing such a system in London in early 2012.
However other proposed solutions for travel are usually less frequent, long distance is "fast charging", such as Aerovironment PosiCharge line (up to 250 kW) and Norvik MinitCharge line (up to 300 kW). Ecotality is a manufacturer of Charging Stations and has partnered with Nissan on several installations. Battery replacement is also proposed as an alternative, although no OEM including Nissan/Renault has a production vehicle plan. Swapping requires standardization across platforms, models and manufacturers. Swapping also requires many more battery packs to be on the system.
According to a Department of Energy study conducted at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 84% of existing vehicles can be routed to plug-in hybrids without requiring new network infrastructure. In terms of transport, the net result is a 27% reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, 31% reduction in total nitrogen oxide, little nitrous oxide emissions, increased particle emissions, the same sulfur dioxide emissions, and removal carbon monoxide and the emission of volatile organic compounds (98% reduction in carbon monoxide and 93% decrease in volatile organic compounds). Emissions will be moved away from the street level, where they have "high human health implications."
Battery exchange
Rather than recharge the EV from the power socket, the battery can be mechanically replaced at a special station within minutes (battery switched).
Batteries with the largest energy density such as metal air fuel cells are usually not rechargeable by means of pure electricity. Instead, certain types of metallurgical processes are needed, such as aluminum smelting and the like.
Air-air fuel cells, aluminum-air and other metal-air are looking for promising candidates for swap batteries. Any energy source, renewable or nonrenewable, can be used to recreate used metal-air fuel cells with relatively high efficiency. Investment in infrastructure will be needed. Such battery charges can be a problem, although they can be made with anodes and replaceable electrolytes.
Chassis swapping
Instead of replacing the battery, it is possible to replace the entire chassis (including batteries, electric motors and wheels) of the electric Modular vehicle.
Such a system was patented in 2000 by Dr. Gordon Dower and three street licensed prototypes have been built by Ridek Corporation at Point Roberts, Washington. Dower proposes that an individual may only have bodies (or perhaps several different body styles) for their vehicles, and will rent a chassis from the pool, thereby reducing depreciation costs associated with vehicle ownership.
Technology under development
Conventional double-layer electric capacitors are being worked on to achieve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, offering virtually unlimited life spans and no environmental problems. High-K electric double-layer capacitors, such as EESU EEStor, can increase the energy density of lithium ions several times if they can be produced. The lithium-sulfur battery offers 250 Wh/kg . The sodium ion battery promises 400 Wh/kg with only slight expansion/contraction during charging/discharging and a very high surface area. Researchers from one of the Ukrainian state universities claim that they have produced pseudocapacitor samples based on a Li-ion intercalation process with a special energy of 318 Wh/kg , which seems at least twice the increase compared to typical Li-ion batteries.
Security
The United Nations in Geneva (UNECE) has adopted the first international regulation (Rule 100) on the safety of fully electric and hybrid electric cars, with the aim of ensuring that cars with high-voltage electric trains, such as hybrids and full EVs, are as safe as powered cars. The EU and Japan have indicated that they intend to incorporate new UNECE Regulations in their respective rules regarding technical standards for vehicles.
There is growing concern about the safety of EVs, given the trend shown by Lithium-ion batteries, the most promising for the use of EV due to its high energy density, overheating, possibly causing fire or explosion, especially when damaged in accidents. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration opened a Chevy Volt defect investigation on November 25, 2011 amid concerns over the risk of battery fire in the event of a collision. At that time, automotive consulting firm CNW Marketing Research reported a decrease in consumer interest in the Volt, citing fires that have had an impact on consumer perceptions. The consumer response prompted GM to step up security on the battery system in December, and NHTSA closed its investigation on January 20, 2012, finding this problem resolved with "no visible defect trends" remaining. The agency also announced it has developed an interim guide to raise awareness and identify appropriate safety measures regarding electric vehicles for emergency response communities, law enforcement officers, tow truck operators, storage facilities and consumers.
Gains and losses EVs
Environment
EVs do not issue pollutant air pipe where they are operated. They also usually produce less noise pollution than internal combustion engine vehicles, whether at rest or in motion. The energy consumed by electric and hybrid cars is usually produced by means that have environmental impact. However, EVs adaptation will have significant net environmental benefits, except in some countries that continue to rely on older coal-fired power stations for most of their power generation over the life of the car.
There is a special type of electric vehicle named SAFA TEMPO in Nepal that helps reduce pollution created by vehicles. These vehicles are powered by electricity - usually charge batteries - not oil or gas and are currently heavily promoted by governments to facilitate environmental and vehicle management issues. Electric motors do not require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this is useful for submarines and for space explorers.
A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows potential air pollution benefits from EVs. According to one scenario in this study, Europe will be on track to reduce CO2 emissions from cars by 88% by 2050. Improved related technologies will trim toxic nitrogen oxide (NOx) from cars from about 1.3 million tonnes per year to around 70,000 tons per year.
Mechanical
Electric motors are mechanically very simple and often achieve 90% energy conversion efficiency across power speed and output ranges and can be controlled appropriately. They can also be combined with a regenerative braking system that has the ability to convert the movement of energy back into stored electricity. This can be used to reduce wear and tear on the brake system (and consequently brake dust) and reduce total energy requirements from travel. Regenerative braking is very effective for city use start-and-stop.
They can be controlled properly and provide high torque from the rest, unlike internal combustion engines, and do not need multiple gears to adjust the power curve. This eliminates the need for gearbox and torque converter.
EV provides a quiet and smooth operation and consequently has less noise and vibration than an internal combustion engine. Although this is a desirable attribute, it also raises concerns that the absence of the usual sound of an approaching vehicle poses a danger to pedestrians who are blind, elderly and very young. To mitigate this situation, automakers and individual companies develop systems that generate warning sounds when EV moves slowly, to speed when normal movement and rotation (road, suspension, electric motor, etc.) The sound becomes audible.
Energy resistance
Electricity can be generated from various sources, thereby providing the greatest level of energy resistance.
Energy efficiency
EV 'tank-to-wheel' efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than internal combustion engine vehicles. Energy is not consumed when the vehicle is stationary, unlike internal combustion engines that consume fuel when stopped. However, seeing their EV efficiency is well-to-wheel, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to gasoline or diesel fuel efficient in most countries where power generation relies on fossil fuels.
The good wheel efficiency of the EV is less related to the vehicle itself and more related to electrical production methods. Certain EVs will instantly become twice as efficient if electricity production is diverted from fossil fuels to wind or primary tidal energy sources. Thus, when "good-to-wheels" is quoted, one should bear in mind that discussion is no longer about vehicles, but rather about the whole energy supply infrastructure - in the case of fossil fuels this should also include energy spent on exploration, mining, refining, and distribution.
Life cycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than conventional diesel vehicles.
Cost of refilling
The cost of operating EV varies wildly depending on the location. In some parts of the world, EV costs less for driving than comparable gas-powered vehicles, as long as higher initial purchase prices are not taken into account. In the US, in countries that have tiered power tariff schedules, "fuel" for EVs today cost significantly more ownership of fuel for comparable gas-powered vehicles. A 2011 study conducted by Purdue University found that in California most users had reached the third price level for electricity each month, and adding EVs could push them to the fourth or fifth (highest, most expensive) level, meaning that they would pay more from $ 45 cents per kWh for electricity to recharge their vehicles. At this price, which is higher than the average electricity price in the US, is dramatically more expensive to drive pure EV than driving a purely traditional gas-powered vehicle. "The goal of a tiered pricing system is to reduce consumption.This is meant to make you think about switching off lights and saving electricity.In California, the unintended consequence is that plug-in hybrid cars will not be economical under this system," Tyner said. (author), whose findings are published in the online version of the journal Energy Policy.
Grid stabilization
Since EVs can be plugged into the power grid when not in use, there is the potential for battery-powered vehicles to even cut electricity demand by powering the lattice of their batteries during peak usage periods (such as the use of air conditioning during the day) while do most of their charging at night, when there is unused generating capacity. This vehicle-to-network (V2G) connection has the potential to reduce the need for new power plants, as long as vehicle owners do not mind reducing their battery life, by being drained by the power company during peak demand.
Furthermore, our current electrical infrastructure may need to address the increasing share of variable-output resources such as wind and solar PV. This variability can be overcome by adjusting the speed when the EV battery is charged, or may even run out.
Some concepts look at the exchange of batteries and battery charging stations, such as gas stations/gasoline today. Obviously this will require potentially huge storage and filling, which can be manipulated to vary fill rates, and to generate power during periods of deficiency, just as diesel generators use for the short term to stabilize some national networks.
Range
Most electrical designs have limited range, due to low battery energy density compared to internal combustion engine fuel vehicles. KW per kg of gasoline is about 25 to 30 times higher. EVs also often have a longer charging time compared to a relatively fast tank fuel refueling process. This is further complicated by the current scarcity of public charging stations. The "anxiety range" is a label for consumer concern about the EV range.
Heating EVs
In a cold climate, enough energy is required to heat the vehicle's interior and melt the window. With an internal combustion engine, this heat already exists because the waste combustion heat is diverted from the engine coolant circuit. This process offsets the external costs of greenhouse gases. If this is done with EV batteries, interior heating requires extra energy from vehicle batteries. Although some heat can be harvested from motors or motors and batteries, their greater efficiency means there is not much waste heat available from the combustion engine.
However, for vehicles connected to the network, EV batteries can be heated, or cooled, with little or no battery energy, especially for short trips.
The newer designs are focused on the use of super-insulated cabins that can heat the vehicle using passenger body heat. However, this is not enough, in a cooler climate because the driver only gives about 100 W of heating power. A heat pump system, which is able to cool the cabin during the summer and heat it during the winter, appears to be the most practical and promising way to complete EV thermal management. Ricardo Arboix introduces (2008) a new concept based on the principle of incorporating EV thermal battery management with cabin thermal management using heat pump system. This is accomplished by adding a third heat exchanger, thermally connected to the battery core, to a traditional heat/air pump system used on previous EV models such as the GM EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV. This concept has proven to bring several benefits, such as extending battery life and also improving the overall EV energy performance and efficiency.
Efficiency of electric public transport
The shift from private transportation to public transport (rail, electric bus, private fast transit or tram) has the potential for huge gains in terms of individual mileage per kWH.
Research shows people prefer tram, because they are calmer and more comfortable and are considered to have higher status. Therefore, it is possible to trim the consumption of liquid fossil fuels in cities through the use of electric trams. Trams may be the most energy-efficient form of public transportation, with rubber vehicles using 2/3 more energy than equivalent trams, and using electricity rather than fossil fuels.
In terms of net present value, they are also the cheapest - the Blackpool tram is still running after 100 years, but the arson bus only lasts about 15-years.
Incentives and promotions
In May 2017, India was the first to announce plans to sell only electric vehicles by 2030. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government embarked on an ambitious plan by launching a tender to buy 10,000 electric vehicles, hailed as "the world's largest EV procurement initiative." Along with the fulfillment the urgent need to keep air pollution in check, the Indian government aims to reduce its petroleum import bill and run the cost of the vehicle. With nearly a third of all cars sold in 2017 of all new electric or fully hybrid cars, Norway is a world leader in the adoption of electric cars and encourages to sell electric or hybrid cars only by 2030. Other countries follow in the footsteps, with France and the United Kingdom announced plans to ban the sale of gas and diesel cars by 2040. Austria, China, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, Korea and Spain have also set official targets for electric car sales.
Many governments offer incentives to promote the use of electric vehicles, with the aim of reducing air pollution and oil consumption. Some incentives intend to increase the purchase of electric vehicles by offsetting the purchase price by grants. Other incentives include lower tax rates or exemptions from certain taxes, and investments in infrastructure filling.
In some states, car companies have partnered with local private companies to provide large incentives on selected electric vehicles. For example, in the state of Florida, Nissan and NextEra Energy, a local energy company, work together to offer a $ 10,000 incentive to Nissan Leaf all-electric 2017. In addition, the government offers electric vehicle incentives up to $ 7,500 to qualified people outlined by the Federal Electric Vehicle Tax Credits. A standard Nissan Leaf 2017 costs around $ 30,000. As a result, Florida residents can buy a new Leaf for less than half the market price.
San Diego's local private utility San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG & E), offers its customers an electric vehicle incentive of $ 10,000 for 2017 BMW i3.
Sonoma Clean Power, a public utility that serves Sonoma and Mendocino, offers its customers an EV incentive of up to $ 2,000 on Volkswagen e-Golf. In addition, Volkswagen offers an incentive of $ 7,000 for the purchase of e-Golf. On top of these local incentives, and federal tax credits, California residents can receive state incentives up to $ 2,500 in state rebates. Therefore, Sonoma Clean Power customers potentially save up to $ 19,000 on e-Wolf.
Future
Ferdinand Dudenhoeffer, head of the Center for Automotive Research at Gelsenkirchen University of Applied Sciences in Germany, said that "by 2025, all passenger cars sold in Europe will become electric or hybrid electric".
Battery upgrade
First, advances in lithium ion batteries, driven largely by the consumer electronics industry, allow full-sized, highway-able EVs to be pushed so far at a single charge as conventional cars go on one gas tank. Lithium batteries have been made safe, rechargeable in minutes instead of hours (see charging time), and now last longer than regular vehicles (see lifespan). The cost of producing lithium batteries with higher capacity and gradually decreases with the maturation of technology and production volume (see price history).
Toyota Motors Corporation is trying to replace current lithium ion batteries with solid-state battery technology by 2020. The solid-state battery replaces liquid electrolyte with solid electrolyte.
Rechargeable lithium-air batteries potentially offer increased reach over other types and are the current research topic.
Medium battery and storage management
Another improvement is to separate the electric motors from the batteries through electronic controls, using super-capacitors to support a large but short power demand and regenerative braking energy. The development of new cell types combined with intelligent cell management enhances the two weak points mentioned above. Cell management involves not only cell health monitoring but also excessive cell configuration (one cell more than needed). With sophisticated cable enabled it is possible to condition one cell while the rest is on duty.
Electric Truck
In the latest news, Tesla announces its latest electric vehicle, the Tesla Semi, is expected to reach its production line by 2019. Tesla states Semi is capable of traveling a distance of 500 miles while maintaining a speed of 60 mph and carrying a maximum load capacity of 80,000 pounds. In addition, Semi includes features such as autopilot, two touch screen monitors, and one, centralized driver's seat.
See also
References
Further reading
- Cefo, Nevres (2009). Two cents Per Mile: Will President Obama make it happen with pen strokes? (1st ed.). Frederick, MD: Nevlin. ISBN 978-0-615-29391-2.
- Jaffe, Amy Myers, "Green Giant: Renewable Energy and China's Power", Overseas , vol. 97, no. 2 (March/April 2018), p. 83-93. China is on its way to "becoming the ruler of future renewable energy." (p.84) China has produced 24% of its power from renewable sources; The United States yields 15% (p. 87). More than 100 Chinese companies are now making electric cars and buses; BYD Auto China is the world's largest manufacturer of electric vehicles (pp. 87). China has more than one million electric cars on the road - almost twice the number in the United States (p. 87).
- International Energy Agency (May 2013), Hybrid and Electric Vehicles - Electric Drivers Gain Fascination.
- Leitman, Seth; Brant, Bob (2008). Build Your Own Electric Vehicles (issue 2). Boston: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-07-154373-6.
External links
- Locator of Alternative Filling Station, charging station (EERE).
- Fleet Test and Evaluation Project - Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Fleet Vehicle Testing (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
- Automatic Electrical Association
- European strategy on clean and energy-efficient vehicles (EC)
- Transport Action Plan: Urban Electricity Mobility Initiative, United Nations, Climate Summit 2014, September 2014
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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