The Mobile Image Expert Group ( MPEG ) is an authority working group established by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission. Founded in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) and Leonardo Chiariglione, group leader from the beginning. The first MPEG meeting was in May 1988 in Ottawa, Canada. By the end of 2005, MPEG has grown to include about 350 members per meeting from various industries, universities and research institutes. The official appointment of MPEG is ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 - Motion picture coding and audio (ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 11).
Video Moving Picture Experts Group
Subgroup
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 - Moving and audio image coding has followed Subgroup (SG):
- Terms
- System
- Videos
- Audio
- 3D Graphic Compression
- Test
- Communications
Maps Moving Picture Experts Group
Cooperation with other groups
Composite Video Team
The Joint Video Team (JVT) is a joint project between ITU-T SG16/Q.6 (Study Group 16/Question 6) - VCEG (Group of Video Programming Experts) and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 - MPEG for the development of new and international coding video recommendations. It was formed in 2001 and the main result is H.264/MPEG-4 AVC (MPEG-4 Part 10).
Collaborative Team Together in Video Encoding
The Joint Collaborative Team on Video Encoding (JCT-VC) is a group of video encoding experts from ITU-T Study Group 16 (VCEG) and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (MPEG). It was created in 2010 to develop High Efficiency Video Encoding, a new generation video coding standard which further reduces (up to 50%) the data rate required for high-quality video encoding, compared to the current ITU-T H.264/ISO/ITU. Standard IEC 14496-10. JCT-VC is co-chaired by Jens-Rainer Ohm and Gary Sullivan.
Standard
The MPEG standard consists of different Sections . Each section covers certain aspects of the entire specification. The standard also specifies Profile and Rate . Profile is meant to determine the available set of tools, and Level determines the range of values ​​appropriate for the property associated with it. Some approved MPEG standards are revised by later amendments and/or new editions. MPEG has standardized the following compression formats and their additional standards:
- MPEG-1 (1993): Movable image coding and related audio for digital storage media up to about 1.5 Mbit/sec (ISO/IEC 11172). This initial version is known as lossy file format and is the first MPEG compression standard for audio and video. Usually limited to about 1.5 Mbit/s although this specification has a higher bit rate. It's basically designed to allow moving images and sound to be encoded into bitrates from Compact Discs. It is used on Video CD and can be used for low quality video on DVD Video. It is used in digital satellite TV/cable services before MPEG-2 becomes widespread. To meet the low bit requirements, MPEG-1 lowers the image, as well as using image rates of only 24-30 Hz, resulting in moderate quality. This includes the popular MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3) audio compression format.
- MPEG-2 (1995): Generic coding of moving images and related audio information (ISO/IEC 13818). Transport, video and audio standards for high-quality television. The MPEG-2 standard is much wider in scope and wider appeal - supporting interlacing and high definition. MPEG-2 is considered important because it has been selected as a compression scheme for over-the-air digital television ATSC, DVB and ISDB, digital satellite TV services such as Dish Network, digital cable television signals, SVCD and DVD Video. It is also used on Blu-ray Discs, but this usually uses MPEG-4 Part 10 or SMPTE VC-1 for high-definition content. MPEG-3: MPEG-3 deals with scalable and multi-resolution compression standardization and is intended for HDTV compression but is found to be redundant and combined with MPEG-2; consequently no MPEG-3 standard. MPEG-3 is not to be confused with MP3, ie MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III.
- MPEG-4 (1998): Encoding audio-visual objects . (ISO/IEC 14496) MPEG-4 uses a further coding tool with additional complexity to achieve a higher compression factor than MPEG-2. In addition to more efficient video coding, MPEG-4 moves closer to computer graphics applications. In more complex profiles, the MPEG-4 decoder effectively becomes a compressed rendering and bitstream processor depicting three-dimensional shapes and surface textures. MPEG-4 supports Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP), which provides facilities to use proprietary technology to manage and protect content such as digital rights management. It also supports MPEG-J, a fully programmable solution for creating custom interactive multimedia applications (Java application environment with Java API) and many other features. Some of the more efficient new video standards (newer than MPEG-2 Video) are included, especially:
- MPEG-4 Part 2 (or Simple Simple and Advanced Profile) and
- MPEG-4 AVC (or MPEG-4 Section 10 or H.264). MPEG-4 AVC can be used on HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc, along with VC-1 and MPEG-2.
MPEG-4 has been selected as an over-the-air compression scheme in Brazil (ISDB-TB), based on original digital television from Japan (ISDB-T).
In addition, the following standards, while not sequential progress with video encoding standards such as with MPEG-1 via MPEG-4, are called by the same notation:
- MPEG-7 (2002): Multimedia content description interface . (ISO/IEC 15938)
- MPEG-21 (2001): Multimedia template (MPEG-21) . (ISO/IEC 21000) MPEG describes this standard as a multimedia framework and provides intellectual property management and protection.
In addition, newer than other standards above, MPEG has begun to follow international standards; each standard holds some MPEG technology for the way the application. (For example, MPEG-A includes a number of technologies in multimedia app formats.)
- MPEG-A (2007): Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) . (ISO/IEC 23000) (e.g., Destination of multimedia application formats, MPEG music player application formats, MPEG photo player application formats, and more)
- MPEG-B (2006): MPEG system technology . (ISO/IEC 23001) (eg, MPEG Binary format for XML, Fragment Request Unit, Bitstream Syntax Description (BSDL) and more)
- MPEG-C (2006): MPEG video technology . (ISO/IEC 23002) (for example, Accuracy requirements for integer-output applications 8x8 reverse transformation of inverted cosine and other)
- MPEG-D (2007): MPEG audio technology . (ISO/IEC 23003) (eg, MPEG Surround, SAOC-Spatial Audio Object Coding and Speech and Audio Encoding UNIC-ASAC)
- MPEG-E (2007): Multimedia Middleware . (ISO/IEC 23004) (a.k.a. M3W) (e.g., Architecture, Multimedia application programming interfaces (API), Component models, and more)
- Additional media technologies (2008). (ISO/IEC 29116) Part 1: The media streaming application format protocol will be revised in MPEG-M; Part 4 - MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocol.
- MPEG-V (2011): Context and media control . (ISO/IEC 23005) (exchange of a.k. information with the Maya World) (e.g., Avatar Characteristics, Sensor information, Architecture, and more)
- MPEG-M (2010): MPEG eXtensible Middleware (MXM) . (ISO/IEC 23006) (e.g., MXM Architecture and technology, API, MPEG extensible middleware (MXM) protocol)
- MPEG-U (2010): Rich media user interface . (ISO/IEC 23007) (e.g., Widgets)
- MPEG-H (2013): High Efficiency Coding and Media Delivery in Heterogeneous Environment . (ISO/IEC 23008) Part 1 - MPEG transport medium; Section 2 - High Efficiency Video Encoding; Section 3 - 3D Audio.
- MPEG-DASH (2012): Information technology - Dynamic adaptive stream via HTTP (DASH) . (ISO/IEC 23009) Part 1 - Description of media presentations and segment formats
Standardization process
The standard issued by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that begins with a new work proposal on the committee. Here are some abbreviations used to mark standards with their status:
- PWI - Initial Work Item
- NP or NWIP - New Proposal/Proposal New Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007)
- AWI - New approved work items (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14)
- WD - Draft Work
- CD - Draft Committee (e.g., ISO/IEC CD 23000-5)
- FCD - Draft Final Committee (eg, ISO/IEC FCD 23000-12)
- DIS - International Standard Concepts
- FDIS - International Standard Final Draft
- PRF - New International Standard Proof
- IS - International Standards (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1: 2007)
- CD Amd/PDAmd (PDAM) - Proposed Amendment of the Proposed Amendment Draft (eg, ISO/IEC 13818-1: 2007/CD Amd 6)
- FPDAmd/DAM (DAmd) - Last Proposed Proposed Amendment/Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 14496-14: 2003/FPDAmd 1)
- FDAM (FDAmd) - Final Draft Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1: 2007/FDAmd 4)
- Amd - Amendment (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1: 2007/Amd 1: 2007)
Other abbreviations:
- TR - Technical Report (e.g., ISO/IEC TR 13818-5: 2005)
- TS - Technical Specifications
- IWA - International Workshop Agreement
- Cor - Technical Corrigendum (e.g., ISO/IEC 13818-1: 2007/Cor 1: 2008)
The work proposal (New Proposal) is approved in the Subcommittee and then at the Technical Committee level (SC29 and JTC1 respectively - in the MPEG case). When new scope of work is clarified enough, MPEG usually makes open requests for proposals - known as "Call for proposals". The first document generated for the audio and video coding standard is called the Verification Model (VM). In the case of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 this is called Simulation and Test Model, respectively. When enough confidence in the stability of the standards under development is achieved, the Working Draft (WD) is produced. It's in standard form but is stored internally for MPEG for revision. When WD is solid enough, it becomes the Draft Committee (CD) (usually at the planned time). Then sent to National Bodies (NB) for ballots. CD becomes the Final Committee Draft (FCD) if the number of positive votes is above the quorum. Following the review and comments issued by the NB, the FCD was again handed over to the NB for the second vote. If the FCD is approved, it becomes Final Draft International Standard (FDIS). ISO then holds a ballot with the National Board, where no technical changes are allowed (yes/no ballots). If approved, the document becomes an International Standard (IS).
ISO/IEC Directives also enable the so-called "Fast track procedure". In this procedure the documents are submitted directly for approval as a draft International Standard (DIS) to an ISO member body or as a final draft of International Standards (FDIS) if the document is developed by an international standard body recognized by the ISO Council.
See also
- Video Encoding Experts Group (VCEG)
- Shared Photographer Experts (JPEG) group
- Bi-level Image Experts Group (JBIG)
- Multimedia and Hypermedia information coding Expert Group (MHEG)
- Audio codecs
- Video codecs
- Video quality
- Video compression
- MP3
- Gary Sullivan (engineer)
- Leonardo Chiariglione
- Hiroshi Yasuda
Note
External links
- Official MPEG website
- MPEG.ORG
- MPEG Industry Forum (MPEGIF)
- MPEG Book
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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