The Toyota Prius is a full-fledged parallel electric hybrid compact car developed and manufactured by Toyota Motor Corporation. The second-generation Prius has been completely redesigned as a compact fastback. The XW20 series represents the second generation Toyota Prius, replacing its XW10 predecessor. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) also rated the Prius as one of the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States based on toxic fumes and emissions in 2008. Toyota sells about 1,192,000 second-generation Prius across world.
Video Toyota Prius (XW20)
Development
In 1999, Toyota began development on the second-generation Prius under the chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori. In 2001, the exterior design of Hiroshi Okamoto was approved and frozen for production. In 2003, the Prius was completely redesigned as a compact liftback, with significantly disseminated mechanical and interior space increasing the leg room and rear-seat luggage space. The 2004 Prius is even more environmentally friendly than the 1997-2003 model (according to EPA), and 6 inches (150 mm) longer than previous versions. The more aerodynamic Kammback body balances the length and resistance of the wind resulting in a coefficient of resistance ( C d ) of 0.26. The development effort of Chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori, led to 530 patents for the vehicle.
The Prius uses an all-electric A/C compressor for cooling, the first industry, and also adds an electric drive system to further minimize engine accessories driven by a belt engine. Combined with smaller and lighter NiMH batteries, the XW20 is more powerful and more efficient than XW11. In the US, the Prius 2004 battery pack is warranted for 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years. Guarantees for hybrid components in California and seven Northeastern states that have adopted a stricter California emissions control standard are 150,000 miles (240,000 km) or 10 years.
Maps Toyota Prius (XW20)
Battery
The second generation Toyota Prius uses a 201.6 volts NiMH battery consisting of 28 modules, in which each module is made of six 1,000 individual Pramitrific NiMH cells 6.5 volts. The 7.2-volt module each contains a charge controller and a relay. 28 modules connected in series to produce a total energy storage capacity of 1,310 kWh (through 201.6-volt ÃÆ'â € "6.5Ã, Ah). The battery control computer maintains a payload status (SOC) between about 40 and 80% (shallow cycling), where the SOC average hovers around 60%, allowing approximately 400 Wh energy storage that is useful for capturing energy from regenerative braking and releasing it. back to hybrid drive-train through Motor-generator 1 and Motor-generator 2 on a power split device. Shallow cycling allows hybrid batteries to survive tens of thousands of cycles, which translate into decades of use and in many cases over 200,000 miles (320,000 km) of operations. Computers that control battery charging and discharging improve the life cycle, calendar life, and thermal control performance. Cooling and heating passive batteries are resolved through metal boxes from battery assembly packs, while forced air cooling systems with blower motors and ducting systems enable active cooling of HV batteries.
It is classified as SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) and certified by California Air Resources Board as "Advanced Partial Zero Emission Vehicle Technology" (AT-PZEV).
Among the Prius options are Toyota's implementation of the Smart Key System (the feature can be disabled by the user), DVD navigation on a multi-function screen, Vehicle Stability Control and Bluetooth for hands-free calls. The new Smart Parking Assistance System is available in Japan and Europe since its launch.
From 2005 to 2009, the second generation Prius has been built by FAW-Toyota in Changchun city for the Chinese market. It was reported that a total of 2,152 Prius were sold in 2006 and 414 in 2007. The relatively low sales were blamed on high prices, about US $ 15,000 higher than equivalent in Japan or the US, caused by high duty on imported parts. In early March 2008, Toyota cut the Prius price by eight percent or US $ 3,000 to CNÃ, Â ¥ 259,800 ( US $ 36,500 ). It is estimated that sales go down as a result of a lack of acceptance and increased competition. Honda Civic Hybrid is exported to China from 2007.
The design and development of Toyota's efforts paid off during the 2005 European Car competition in which the Prius won in front of CitroÃÆ'¡n C4 and Ford Focus. The Prius and Nissan Leaf are the only cars that use drivewheel electric motors to win this competition, where the winner is usually the main hatchback and sedan/sedan from major European producers.
Plug-in research
From 2006 to 2009 Toyota tested the 126 Prius models in the US, Japan and Europe that have NiMH batteries replaced with lithium-ion batteries.
In July 2007, Toyota received Japanese and American government approval to begin testing hybrid plug-in models using modified NiMH batteries on public roads. The first Prius plugin in America goes to South Carolina. Researchers at the Advanced Power and Energy Program at the University of California, Irvine, and the Institute of Transport Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, began testing two specially made Prius and analyzing driver behavior, studying air quality and energy use.
Model year changes
At the end of 2005 (for the 2006 model year), Toyota introduced several minor changes to the XW20, such as minor front-end updates, revised instruments, and re-positioned rear seats. Other changes include high resolution liquid crystal displays, as well as new optional features such as backup cameras, advanced airbags, and enhanced audio systems with additional input.
In 2006 (2007 model year USA) Prius added a curtain-side air bag (standard on all models). A Touring Edition was introduced, with longer and larger rear spoilers and larger, sharper, seven spoke, 16 "wheels, magnesium wheels with plastic dop covers to protect them from scratches while parking on the side of the road. The Touring Edition also comes with stronger suspension, European style, adjustable, standard High-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps, and integrated (non-HID) fog lamps.
In 2005, Toyota had to fix software errors that caused the Prius engine to enter a "weak" mode with electric surgery alone, following 68 kiosk vacancies in the US from 160,000 worldwide sales. In June 2006, Toyota also attracted about 170,000 Prius models from 2004-2006 due to broken intermediate shafts and sliding yoke in power steering systems.
Crash test result
The US National Highway Traffic Safety Training (NHTSA) 2007 trial of the US Prius model resulted in a five-star driver and a four-star passenger rating in a frontal collision test (of five stars). The result of the crash on the side is four of five stars for the front and back seats. This car scored four out of five stars in rollover testing.
The Insurance Institute for crash tests on Highway Safety assesses the Prius Good overall in frontal collision and Good as a whole in side impact collisions in models equipped with side airbags. The Poor score is given to the model without side airbags. Side curtain and torso airbags became standard on the 2007 American model.
In 2004, EuroNCAP tested the Prius. This generates the following rankings: Adult Residents: Occupants: Pedestrian: .
Official government fuel consumption data
United States
In the US, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test results should be posted on new vehicle windows, and are the only fuel consumption figures that can be advertised. The EPA testing procedure for all vehicles was revised in 2007 in an effort to better match what the average driver would achieve.
The following data is taken from the EPA for Prius: 48 mpg -US (4.9 L/100 km; 58 mpg -merek ) city driving, 45 mpg -US (5.2Ã, L/100Ã, km; 54Ã, mpg -imp ) driving the highway, 46 mpg -US (5.1Ã, L/100Ã, km; Combination of 55 mpg -imp ).
United Kingdom
The official British fuel consumption data, provided by the Department of Transport, establishes the Prius as: 56.5 mpg -imp (5.00 L/100 km; 47.0 mpg -US urban, 67.3 mpg -imp (4.20 L/100 km, 56.0 mpg -US ) extra urban and 65.7 mpg -imp (4.30Ã, L/100Ã, km; 54,7 mpg -US ) are merged.
Air pollution
In the United States EPA measures air pollution borne by vehicles based on hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulates and formaldehyde before assigning them a score. In most states, the Prius XW20 is rated Tier II Bin 3. CARB also carries out its own emissions assessment, the Prius XW20 meets AT-PZEV certification in California and states that it adopts CARB emissions rules.
The second generation Prius is tied to the MINI Cooper D as the fourth smallest CO2 vehicle 2 at 104 g/km, behind the Ford Fiesta Econetic at 98 g/km and tied to Volkswagen Polo 1.4 TDI/SEAT Ibiza 1 , 4 TDI at 99 g/km. This is a powerful car CO 2 -emitting gasoline (Ford and Polo/Ibiza using diesel).
Awards
- 2004 Motor Trends Best Car of the Year.
- 2004 Car and Driver magazine Top Ten lists.
- The American Car Award of the Year 2004.
- 2004 International Engine of the Year 2004.
- 2004 "Best Engineering Vehicle for 2004" by SAE's Automotive Engineering International magazine.
- 2005 European Car of the Year.
- EnerGuide 2006 (Intermediate) Awards.
- 2006 Intellichoice Best Overall Value of the Year, Medium.
- 2007 Intellichoice "Best Winner in Class": best retention value, lowest fuel, lowest operating cost, lowest cost of ownership.
- 2007 The Swiss government crowned the Toyota Prius as the world's greenest car in a draft study of more than 6,000 cars.
- 2008 "Green Engine of the Year" from the International Engine of the Year Award.
- 2008 JD Power and Associates "The Most Reliable Compact Car", and again in 2009
- ABC News Top 10 Decades of Innovation.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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