hybrid electric vehicles ( HEV ) are hybrid vehicles that combine conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) systems with electric propulsion systems (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of electric powertrain is intended to achieve better fuel economy than conventional vehicles or better performance. There are different types of HEV, and the extent to which each serves as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common HEV form is a hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses are also available.
Modern HEVs use technology that increases efficiency like a regenerative brake that converts the kinetic energy of a vehicle into electrical energy to charge the battery. Some HEV varieties use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by turning an electric generator either to recharge their batteries or turn on an electric drive motor directly; This combination is known as a motor generator. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by turning ICE off when idle and restarting when needed; this is known as start-stop system. Hybrid electricity generates less emissions from its ICE compared to large gasoline cars, because the HEV gasoline engine is usually smaller than a large pure gasoline-burner car, and if not used to drive a car directly, it can be directed to running at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy. (Natural gas and propane fuels produce less emissions.)
Although Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner-Porsche in 1901, hybrid electric vehicles were not widely available until the launch of the Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by Honda Insight in 1999. Although initially considered unnecessary because of the low cost of gasoline, the rest of the world caused many automakers to release hybrids in the late 2000s; they are now considered the core segment of the future automotive market.
In January 2017, more than 12 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since it was founded in 1997. In April 2016, Japan was ranked as the market leader with over 5 million hybrids sold, followed by the United States with cumulative sales of more than 4 million units since 1999, and Europe with about 1.5 million hybrids shipped since 2000. Japan also has the highest hybrid market penetration in the world. In 2016 the hybrid market share accounted for 38% of new passenger car sales, and 25.7% of sales of new passenger vehicles including kei cars. Norway ranks second with a hybrid market share of 6.9% of new car sales in 2014, followed by the Netherlands with 3.7%, France and Sweden, both with 2.3%.
Global sales are led by Toyota Motor Company with more than 10 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold in January 2017, followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with global sales of over 1.35 million hybrids in June 2014; Ford Motor Corporation with more than 424,000 hybrids sold in the United States until June 2015; and Hyundai Group with global cumulative sales of 200,000 hybrids in March 2014, including Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Motors hybrid models. In January 2017, worldwide hybrid sales were led by Toyota Prius liftback, with cumulative sales of nearly 4 million units. Prius board has sold more than 6 million hybrids until January 2017. Global Lexus hybrid sales reached 1 million units milestone in March 2016. In January 2017, the conventional Prius is the best selling hybrid car of all time in Japan. and the US, with sales of more than 1.8 million in Japan and 1.75 million in the United States.
Video Hybrid electric vehicle
Classification
Powertrain type
Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the manner in which power is supplied to the drivetrain:
- In a parallel hybrid, ICE and electric motors are both connected to a mechanical transmission and can simultaneously transmit power to drive the wheel, usually through conventional transmission. The Honda Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) system as found in the Insight, Civic, Accord, and GM Belted Alternator/Starter (BAS Hybrid) systems found in the Chevrolet Malibu hybrid are examples of parallel production hybrids. Many internal hybrid parallel hybrid engines can also act as generators for additional charging. In 2013, the commercial hybrid hybrid uses a full-sized combustion engine with a single, small (& lt; 20 kW) electric motor and a small battery pack because the electric motor is designed to complement the main engine instead of the only source of power motive from the launch. However after 2015 a parallel hybrid with more than 50 kW is available, enabling electric driving on moderate acceleration. Parallel hybrids are more efficient than comparable non-hybrid vehicles especially during urban stoppage conditions where electric motors are allowed to contribute, and during highway operations. In a hybrid series, only an electric motor drives the drivetrain, and the smaller ICE (also called a range extender) functions as a generator to power an electric motor or to recharge the battery. They also typically have batteries larger than parallel hybrids, making them more expensive. Once the battery is low, a small combustion engine can generate power in its optimal settings at all times, making it more efficient in large city driving.
- Hybrid power separators have the benefit of combination of series and parallel characteristics. As a result, they are more efficient overall, because series hybrids tend to be more efficient at lower speeds and parallel tend to be more efficient at high speeds; However, the cost of hybrid power sharing is higher than pure parallel. Examples of power-splits (referred to by some as "parallel-series" hybrid powertrains) include 2007 Ford models, General Motors, Lexus, Nissan, and Toyota.
In each of the above hybrids it is common to use regenerative braking to recharge the battery.
Type by hybridization level
- Full hybrids, sometimes also called strong hybrids, are vehicles that can run only on a combustion engine, only on an electric motor, or a combination of both. Ford's hybrid system, Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive and General Motors/Chrysler Two-Mode Hybrid technology are full hybrid systems. Toyota Prius, Ford Escape Hybrid, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are examples of full hybrids, as these cars can be moved forward only with battery power. Large battery packs of high capacity are required for special operation of the battery. This vehicle has a separate power line that allows greater flexibility in the drivetrain by altering mechanical and electrical strength, at a tricky cost.
- A lightweight hybrid, a vehicle that can not be driven completely on its electric motor, because the electric motor does not have enough power to drive its own vehicle. The lightweight hybrid includes only a few features found in hybrid technology, and typically achieves limited fuel consumption savings, up to 15 percent in urban riding and 8 to 10 percent of the overall cycle. A lightweight hybrid is essentially a conventional vehicle with an oversized starter motor, allowing the engine to be switched off each time the car slides, brakes, or stops, but restarts quickly and cleanly. Motors are often installed between the engine and transmission, taking the place of the torque converter, and are used to supply additional propulsion energy while accelerating. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power when the gasoline engine is off, and as in other hybrid designs, motors are used for regenerative braking to reclaim energy. Compared to full hybrids, the lighter hybrids have smaller batteries and smaller/weaker motors/generators, which allow manufacturers to reduce costs and weight.
- The early Honda hybrids included the first generation of Insights using this design, enhancing their reputation for efficient small gasoline engine design; their system dubbed Integrated Motor Assist (IMA). Starting with Civic Hybrid 2006, the IMA system can now drive vehicles solely on electric power during medium speed. Another example is the 2005-2007 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid, a full-size pickup truck. Chevrolet is able to get a 10% increase in Silverado fuel efficiency by turning off and reviving the engine on demand and using regenerative braking. General Motors has also used lightweight BAS Hybrid technology in other models such as the Saturn Vue Green Line, the Saturn Aura Greenline and Malibu Hybrid.
Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs)
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also known as plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by plugging the plug into an external power source. PHEV shares the characteristics of both conventional hybrid electric vehicles, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine; and all-electric vehicles, also have a plug to connect to the power grid. PHEVs have a much greater electric range than conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, and also eliminate the "anxiety ranges" associated with all electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the battery runs out.
Chinese battery manufacturer and car maker BYD Auto released the PH3V PHEV-62 (PHEV-100Ã, km) hatchback to the Chinese fleet market on December 15, 2008, for 149,800 yuan (US $ 22,000). General Motors launched the plug-in Chevrolet Volt series 2011 in December 2010. At that time, the Volt replaced the Toyota Prius as the most fuel-efficient car sold in the United States.
In December 2016, the Volt/Ampera family is the world's best-selling plug-in hybrid car, with global sales totaling about 134,500 units since it was founded, including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe. Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV ranks second with approximately 119,500 units shipped worldwide. The third is the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid with a cumulative global sales of 79,300 units by the end of January 2017.
Maps Hybrid electric vehicle
History
Initial days
William H. Patton filed for a patent for a gas-electric hybrid-electric rail-drive system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid-1889. He went on to test and market Patton Motor Car, an electric hybrid gas system used to drive small trams and locomotives. Gasoline engines drive generators that function to charge lead acid batteries in parallel with traction motors. A conventional series parallel controller is used for traction motors. The prototype was built in 1889, an experimental tram car run in Pullman, Illinois in 1891, and locomotive production was sold to a street railroad company in Cedar Falls, Iowa in 1897.
In 1896, Armstrong Phaeton was developed by Harry E. Dey and was built by Armstrong Company of Bridgeport, CT for the Roger's Train Mechanical Company. Although there are steam, electricity, and internal combustion vehicles introduced in the early days, Armstrong Phaeton is very innovative with many firsts. Not only has a 6.5-liter gasoline engine, a two-cylinder engine, but also a dynamo flywheel connected to an onboard battery. Dinamo and regenerative braking are used to charge the battery. The electric starter was used 16 years before Cadillac. Dinamo also provides sparks and turns on electric lights. Phaeton also has the first semi-automatic transmission (without manual clutch). Exhaust system is an integrated structural component of the vehicle. Armstrong Phaeton motor is too strong; torque damage the train wheel repeatedly.
In 1900, while working at the Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Mixte , hybrid version of 4WD "electric train Lohner-Porsche System " which appeared in 1900. Paris World Fair. George Fischer sold hybrid buses to England in 1901; Knight Neftal produced a racing hybrid in 1902.
In 1905, Henri Pieper of Germany/Belgium introduced hybrid vehicles with electric motors/generators, batteries, and small gasoline engines. It uses an electric motor to charge the battery at cruising speed and use both motors to accelerate or climb the hill. Pieper's factory was taken over by Imperia, after Pieper died. The 1915 Dual Power, made by electric car maker Woods Motor Vehicle, has a four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (24 km/h) the electric motor itself drives the vehicle, draws power from the battery, and above this speed the "main" engine cuts to bring the car up to 35 mph (56 km/h) at top speed. Around 600 was made until 1918. Woods hybrids were a commercial failure, proved too slow for the price, and too difficult to serve. In England, the Lanchester gasoline-electric car prototype was made in 1927. It did not work, but the vehicle was on display at Thinktank, the Birmingham Science Museum. 1928 Army Motor Force Trial The United States Army tested the gasoline-electric buses in truck convoys.
In 1931 Erich Gaichen discovered and drove from Altenburg to Berlin, a 1/2 horsepower electric car containing features that were later incorporated into hybrid cars. Its maximum speed is 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), but is licensed by the Motor Transport Office, taxed by the German Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-Patent Amt. The car's battery is recharged by the motor when the car is down. Additional power to charge the battery is provided by a compressed air cylinder recharged by a small air pump that is activated by the chassis and brake vibrations and by turning on the oxidrogen gas. No production beyond the reported prototype.
During the Second World War, Ferdinand Porsche sought to use his company's experience in the design of a hybrid drivetrain to power armored fighting vehicles for Nazi Germany. A series of designs, beginning with VK 3001 (P), prototypes of heavy VK 4501 (P) heavy tank (which destroyed the Elefant tank ) and ending with the heaviest armored fighting vehicle ever made by the prototype, Panzerkampfwagen < i> Maus weighing nearly 190 tons, only two examples of the planned Wehrmacht "weapon systems" (including the very high "electrification" subsystems of the 191 Fw bomber project) were paralyzed in their development by the supply of electric copper classes down, which is required for the final electric drive on the powertrain of the Porsche-powered combat vehicle.
Introduction of current technology
The regenerative braking system, the core design concept of the most modern HEVs production, was developed in 1967 for American Motors Amitron and is called Energy Regeneration Brake by AMC. This fully urban battery powered concept car is recharged by braking, thereby increasing the range of the car. AMC Amitron first uses regenerative braking technology in the US.
A newer HEV prototype work was built by Victor Wouk (one of the scientists involved with Henney Kilowatt, the first transistor-based electric car). Wouk's work with HEVs in the 1960s and 1970s earned him the title of "Godfather of the Hybrid". Wouk installed a hybrid drivetrain prototype (with a 16-kilowatt (21-hp) electric motor into the 1972 Buick Skylark provided by GM for the 1970 Clean Car Incentive Program, but the program was stopped by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976, while Eric Stork, head of the EPA's vehicle emissions control program at the time, was accused of prejudice.
The concept of regenerative brakes was further developed in the early 1980s by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer, using rack components, military surplus, and the Opel GT. The voltage controller for connecting batteries, motors (jet engine starter motors), and DC generators are Arthurs'. This vehicle exhibits 75 miles per gallon of US (3.1Ã, L/100Ã, km; 90 mpg -imp ) fuel efficiency, and plans for it are marketed by Mother Earth News.
In 1982, Fritz Karl Preikschat created an electric drive and braking system for automobiles based on regenerative braking. Although clearly not the only patent related to hybrid electric vehicles, the patent is important on the basis of the next 120 patents that directly quote it. The patent is issued in the US and the system is not made prototype or commercialized.
In 1989, Audi produced the first iteration of the Audi Duo (Audi C3 100 Avant Duo) experimental vehicle, a parallel hybrid plug-in based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro. This car has a 9.4 kilowatt (12.8 PS; 12.6 bhp) Siemens electric motor that drives the rear roadwheels. The nickel-cadmium battery mounted on the trunk supplies energy to the motor that drives the rear wheels. The front wheels of the vehicle are powered by a 2.3 liter five-cylinder gasoline engine with an output of 100 kilowatts (136 PS; 134 bhp). The goal is to produce vehicles that can operate on domestic machines, and electric modes in the city. Mode of operation can be selected by the driver. Only ten vehicles are believed to have been made; one disadvantage is due to the additional weight of the electric propulsion, the vehicle was less efficient when running on their own machines than the standard Audi 100s with the same engine.
Two years later, Audi, launching a second-generation duo, the Audi 100 Duo - is also based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro. Again, it features an electric motor, a 3-phase, 21.3 kilowatt (29.0 PS; 28.6 bph) engine, driving the rear roadwheels. This time, however, the rear wheels are also powered through a differential Torsen center from the main engine compartment, which housed a 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine.
Research and Development advanced in the 1990s with projects such as BMW5 Series (E34) Initial CVT hybrid-electric vehicle In 1992, Volvo ECC was developed by Volvo. Volvo ECC is built on the Volvo 850 platform. Unlike most hybrid production, which uses a gasoline piston engine to provide additional acceleration and to recharge battery storage, Volvo ECC uses a gas turbine engine to drive the generator to be recharged.
The Clinton Administration began the Partnership for New Generation Vehicle (PNGV) program on September 29, 1993, involving Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, USCAR, DoE and other government agencies to engineer the next efficient and clean vehicle. The US National Research Council (USNRC) cites automakers' moves to produce HEVs as evidence that the technology developed under PNGV is being rapidly adopted on the production line, as referred to under Objective 2. Based on information received from automakers, NRC reviewers questioned whether the "Big Three" would be able to move from concept phase to cost-effective, pre-production vehicle prototype in 2004, as set out in Objective 3. The program was replaced by a hydrogen-focused FreedomCAR initiative by the George W. Bush administration in 2001, the initiative to fund research is too risky for the private sector to engage, with the long-term goal of developing vehicles that are free of carbon emissions and petroleum.
1998 saw the Esparante GTR-Q9 be the first Hybrid Electro-Electric to race at Le Mans, even though the car failed to qualify for the main event. The car managed to occupy second place in the class at Petit Le Mans that same year.
Modern hybrids
Automotive hybrid technology began to expand in the late 1990s. The first mass-produced hybrid vehicle was the Toyota Prius, launched in Japan in 1997, and followed by Honda Insight, launched in 1999 in the United States and Japan. The Prius was launched in Europe, North America and around the world in 2000. The first generation Prius sedan has an estimated fuel economy of 52 miles per US gallon (4.5 L/100 km; 62 mpg -imp ) at city ​​and 45 miles per gallon US (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg -imp ) on the highway driving. The first two-door insight is estimated to reach 61 miles per gallon (3.9 L/100 km; 73 mpg -imp ) in city driving and 68 miles per gallon US (3.5 L/100 km , 82 mpg -imp ) on the highway.
Toyota Prius sold 300 units in 1997 and 19,500 in 2000, and worldwide cumulative Prius sales reached one million in April 2008. In early 2010, global cumulative sales of the Prius were estimated at 1.6 million units. Toyota launched its second generation Prius in 2004 and third in 2009. The Prius 2010 has a US Environmental Protection Agency estimated to combine a fuel economy cycle of 50 miles per gallon US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg -imp ).
Audi Duo III was introduced in 1997, based on Audi B5 A4 Avant, and is the only Duo that makes it into series production. The Duo III uses a 1.9 liter Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine, which is paired with a 21 kilowatt electric motor (29 PS: 28 bhp). Due to low demand for it because of its high price, only about sixty Audi Duos are manufactured. Until the launch of the Audi Q7 Hybrid in 2008, the Duo is the only European hybrid ever produced.
The Honda Civic Hybrid was introduced in February 2002 as a 2003 model, based on the seventh generation Civic. The 2003 Civic Hybrid appears identical to the non-hybrid version, but delivers 50 miles per gallon of US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg -imp ), a 40 percent increase compared to the conventional Civic Sedan LX. Along with the conventional Civic, it received styling updates for 2004. The redesigned 2004 (2004) Toyota Prius enhances passenger space, cargo areas, and power output while improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions. The first generation Honda Insight ceased production after 2006 and has a loyal owner base. Second generation Insight was launched in 2010. In 2004, Honda also released a hybrid version of the Accord but stopped it in 2007, citing disappointing sales.
The Ford Escape Hybrid, the first hybrid electric sport utility vehicle (SUV), was released in 2005. Toyota and Ford signed a licensing agreement in March 2004 that allowed Ford to use 20 patents from Toyota related to hybrid technology, although Ford engines are independently designed and built. In return for a hybrid license, a licensed Ford patent involving their European diesel engine to Toyota. Toyota announced the 2005 calendar year hybrid electric version of the Toyota Highlander Hybrid and Lexus RX 400h with 4WD-i, which uses the rear electric motor to power the rear wheels, eliminating the need for transfer cases.
In 2006, General Motors Saturn Division began marketing the light parallel hybrid Saturn Vue Green Line 2007, which utilized the GM Belted Alternator/Starter (BAS Hybrid) system combined with a 2.4 liter L4 engine and FWD automatic transmission. The same hybrid powertrain is also used to power the 2008 Saturn Aura Greenline and Malibu Hybrid models. As of December 2009, only Malibu BAS-equipped is still within (limited) production.
In 2007, Lexus released a hybrid electric version of their GS sport sedan, GS 450h, with a power output of 335 bhp. Camry Hybrid 2007 became available in the summer of 2006 in the United States and Canada. Nissan launched the Altima Hybrid with technology licensed by Toyota in 2007.
Beginning in the fall of 2007, General Motors began marketing their two-mode Hybrid 2008 models from Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon-based GMC SUVs, followed by Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2009 version. For the 2009 model, General Motors released the same technology in the model their half ton pickup truck, the 2009 Chevrolet Silverado and the GMC Sierra Two-Mode Hybrid model.
The Ford Fusion Hybrid officially debuted at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2008, and was launched into the US market in March 2009, along with second-generation Honda Insight and Mercury Milan Hybrid.
Recent developments
- 2009-2010
Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid was launched at the Seoul Motor Show 2009, and sales started in South Korea's domestic market in July 2009. Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first hybrid vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine built to use liquefied natural gas (LPG) as fuel. PLI Elantra is the first lightweight hybrids and hybrids to adopt advanced polymer lithium batteries (Li-Poly). The Elantra LPI Hybrid delivers fuel economy ratings of 41.9 miles per US gallon (5.61 L/100 km, 50.3 mpg -low ) and CO 2 emissions 99 g/km to qualify as Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV).
The Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid was unveiled at the 2009 Chicago Auto Show, and sales began in the US in October 2009. The S400 BlueHybrid is a lightweight hybrid and the first hybrid car to adopt lithium ion batteries. S400 hybrid technology developed jointly by Daimler AG and BMW. The same hybrid technology is used in BMW ActiveHybrid 7, which is expected to be sold in the US and Europe by mid 2010. In December 2009 BMW started selling full hybrid BMW ActiveHybrid X6, while Daimler launched the Mercedes-Benz ML450 Hybrid just by lease.
Honda CR-Z sales began in Japan in February 2010, followed by US and European markets at the end of the year, becoming Honda's third hybrid electric car in the market. Honda also launched the 2011 Honda Fit Hybrid in Japan in October 2010, and launched the European version, the Honda Jazz Hybrid, at the Paris Motor Show 2010, which went on sale in several European markets in early 2011.
The mass production of Toyota Auris Hybrid 2011 starts in May 2010 at Burnaston's Toyota Manufacturing UK (TMUK) plant and becomes the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle to be built in Europe. Sales in the UK began in July 2010, with prices starting GBÃ, Â £ 18,950 ( US $ 27,450 ), GBÃ, Â £ 550 (< span> US $ 800 ) less than Toyota Prius. The 2011 Auris Hybrid shares the same powertrain as the Prius, and the combined fuel economy is 74.3 mpg -imp (3.80 L/100 km; 61.9 mpg -US ).
Lincoln MKZ Hybrid 2011 was launched at the 2010 International Automotive Exhibition in New York and sales began in the US in September 2010. MKZ Hybrid is the first hybrid version that has the same price as the gasoline engine version of the same car. Porshe Cayenne Hybrid launched in the US at the end of 2010.
- 2011-2015
Volkswagen announced at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 the launch of the Touareg Hybrid 2012, which went on sale in the US in 2011. VW also announced plans to introduce a diesel-electric hybrid version of its most popular model in 2012, starting with the new Jetta, followed by Golf Hybrid on 2013 along with the hybrid version of Passat. Other gasoline-electric hybrids released in the US in 2011 are the Lexus CT 200h, the Infiniti M35 Hybrid, the Hyundai Sonata Hybrid and his brother Kia Optima Hybrid.
Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 is launched in the European market in 2012, becoming the first diesel-electric hybrid production in the world. According to Peugeot, this new hybrid delivers fuel economy up to 62 miles per gallon US (3.8 L/100 km; 74 mpg -a little ) and CO 2 emissions from 99g/km on the European test cycle.
Toyota Prius v, launched in the US in October 2011, is the first spin-off of the Prius family. Sales in Japan began in May 2011 as a Prius Alpha. The European version, named Prius, was launched in June 2012. The Prius Aqua was launched in Japan in December 2011, and was released as a Toyota Prius c in the US in March 2012. Prius c was launched in Australia in April 2012 The production version of Toyota Yaris Hybrid 2012 goes on sale in Europe in June 2012.
Other hybrids released in the US during 2012 are the Audi Q5 Hybrid, the BMW 5 Series ActiveHybrid, the BMW 3 Series Hybrid, the Ford C-Max Hybrid, the Acura ILX Hybrid. Also during 2012 launched the next generation Toyota Camry Hybrid and Ford Fusion Hybrid, both offer significant fuel savings compared to previous generations. 2013 Model Toyota Avalon Hybrid and Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid released in the US in December 2012.
Global sales of Toyota Prius liftback pass 3 million milestone in June 2013. Prius lifts are available in nearly 80 countries and regions, and it is the world's best selling hybrid electric vehicle. Toyota released a hybrid version of the Corolla Axio sedan and the Corolla Fielder station wagon in Japan in August 2013. Both cars are equipped with a 1.5 liter hybrid system similar to those used in the Prius c.
Sales of Honda Vezel Hybrid SUVs start in Japan starting in December 2013. Hybrid electric hybrid-powered Rover Hybrid diesel is launched at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show, and retail shipments in Europe are scheduled to begin in early 2014. Ford Motor Company, the world's second largest hybrid producer after Toyota Motor Corporation, reached a milestone of 400,000 hybrid electric vehicles produced in November 2014. After 18 years since the introduction of hybrid cars, Japan became the first country in Indonesia to achieve sales of more than 1 million hybrids. cars in a year, and also the Japanese market surpassed the United States as the world's largest hybrid market.
The redesigned and more efficient fourth-generation Prius was released for retail customers in Japan in December 2015. The launch in the North American market is scheduled for January 2016, and February in Europe. The 2016 Prius Eco model surpassed the first generation Honda Insight in 2000 as the most fuel efficient EPA fuel-efficient car of all time available in the US without plug-in capabilities. At the end of 2017 Chevy introduces Chevy ZH2 which runs hydrogen fuel cells. ZH2 built specifically for US.
Sales and ratings
In January 2017, more than 12 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since it was founded in 1997. In April 2016, Japan was ranked as the market leader with over 5 million hybrids sold, followed by the United States with cumulative sales of more than 4 million units since 1999, Europe with around 1.5 million, and the rest in the world with combined sales of over 500,000 hybrids. As of August 2014, more than 130,000 hybrids have been sold in Canada, where, over 100,000 are Toyota and Lexus models. In Australia, more than 50,000 Lexus and Toyota models have been sold until February 2014.
In January 2017, global hybrid sales led by Toyota Motor Company (TMC) with more than 10 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids were sold; followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids as of June 2014; Ford Motor Corporation with more than 424,000 hybrids sold in the United States until June 2015, where, about 10% is a plug-in hybrid; The Hyundai Group with global cumulative sales of 200,000 hybrids in March 2014, including Hyundai Motor and Kia Motors hybrid models; and PSA Peugeot CitroÃÆ'Â nn with more than 50,000 diesel-powered hybrids sold in Europe until December 2013.
TMC has a record sales of hybrid cars during 2013, with 1,279,400 units sold worldwide, and it takes nine months to reach one million hybrid sales. Once again in 2014, TMC sold a record of one million hybrids in nine months. Toyota hybrid combined with Lexus models reached 1 million units in May 2007, and the US achieved 1 million marks of both brands in February 2009. Worldwide sales of TMC hybrids reached more than 2 million vehicles in August 2009, 3 million units in February 2011, 5 million in March 2013, 7 million in September 2014, and 8 million mark in July 2015. The 9 million sales figure was reached in April 2016, again, selling one million hybrids in just nine months, and 10 million milestones in January 2017 , reached once again only nine months after the previous million.
Ford recorded record sales of its hybrid model in the US during 2013, with nearly 80,000 units sold, nearly three times the total of 2012. During the second quarter of 2013 Ford achieved its best hybrid sales quarter, up 517% over the same quarter of 2012. In 2013 , Toyota's hybrid market share in the US decreased from the total of 2012 due to new competition, especially from Ford with the arrival of new products such as C-Max Hybrid and new styling of Fusion. Except for Prius c, sales of other models from the Prius and Camry Hybrid families declined from 2012, while Fusion Hybrid has increased 164.3% from 2012, and C-Max Hybrid sales up 156.6%. During 2013 Ford increased its market share from the American hybrid market from 7.5% in 2012 to 14.7% in 2013.
In January 2017, global hybrid sales were led by the Prius family, with cumulative sales of 6,0361 million units (excluding plug-in hybrids) representing 60% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota and Lexus since 1997. Starting January 2017 , The Toyota Prius liftback is the leading model of the Toyota brand with a cumulative sales of 3.985 million units. The second rank is Toyota Aqua/Prius c, with global sales of 1.380 million units, followed by Prius v/?/With 671,200, Camry Hybrid with 614,700 units, Toyota Auris with 378,000 units, and Toyota Yaris Hybrid with 302,700. Toyota Prius sales in the US reached 1.0 million milestone in early April 2011, and Prius cumulative sales in Japan exceeded 1 million in August 2011. In January 2017, Prius liftback sales reached more than 1.8 million units in Japan and 1.75 million in the United States, ranking as the best-selling hybrid car of all time in both countries.
Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h's Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h ranks as the best selling Lexus hybrid with 363,000 units shipped worldwide in January 2017, followed by Lexus CT 200h with 290,800 units, and Lexus ES 300h with 143,200 units.
Annual sales in the top market
Japanese market
In April 2016, Japan was ranked as the world market leader with over 5 million hybrids sold since 1997, representing about 45% of global cumulative global sales since their inception. After 18 years since its introduction in the Japanese market, annual hybrid sales exceeded 1 million for the first time in 2014. With cumulative sales of over 4 million hybrids by December 2014, Japan surpassed the United States as the world's largest hybrid market. It was also the first time that all eight major Japanese manufacturers offer hybrid vehicles in their ranks.
Japan also has the highest hybrid market penetration in the world. The hybrid market share of new car sales began to increase significantly in 2009, when the government implemented aggressive fiscal incentives for fuel-efficient vehicles and a third-generation Prius was introduced. That year, the hybrid market share of new car sales in the country, including the kei cars, jumped from less than 5% in 2008 to more than 10% in 2009. If only conventional passenger cars are taken into account, the hybrid market share is about 15 %. In 2013 hybrid market share accounted for more than 30% of the 2.9 million standard passenger vehicles sold, and about 20% of the 4.5 million passenger vehicles including kei cars. Sales of standard cars in 2016 reached 1.49 million units, with the hybrid segment reaching 38% market share. As accounting for the kei car, the hybrid reaches a market share of 25.7% of new passenger car sales, up from 22.3% in 2015. By 2016, every standard car listed in Japan's top-20 top-rated car has a hybrid version. on sale. and two best-selling cars are models available only as hybrids, Toyota Prius, and Toyota Aqua.
Toyota's hybrid sales in Japan since 1997, including Toyota and Lexus models, surpassed 1 million mark in July 2010, 2 million in October 2012, and exceeded 3 million in March 2014. In January 2017, TMC hybrid sales in the country totaled 4,853,000 vehicles , of which only 4,900 units are commercial vehicles. Cumulative sales of the original Prius in Japan reached 1 million in August 2011. Prius's family vehicle sales reached 3,435,800 units by January 2017. The Prius liftback is the best-selling model with 1,812,800 units, followed by Aqua with 1,154,500 units, the Prius? with 446,400, and a plug-in Prius with 22,100. Honda cumulative sales of hybrid vehicles since November 1999 reached 25,239 units in January 2009, and in March 2010, Honda announced that the new Insight 2010 managed to penetrate 100,000 sales in Japan in just one year after its introduction.
Hybrid sales in Japan nearly tripled in 2009 compared to 2008 as a result of government incentives that include scrappage programs, tax breaks on hybrid vehicles and other low-emission cars and trucks, and higher levies on gasoline raise prices on orders US $ 4.50. Sales of new hybrids jumped from 94,259 in 2008 to 334,000 in 2009, and hybrid sales in 2009 represent about 10% of new vehicle sales in Japan. In contrast, US market share was 2.8% for the same year. The recording sales allowed Japan to surpass the US in total new hybrid sales, with the Japanese market accounting for nearly half (48%) of worldwide hybrid sales in 2009 while the US market represented 42% of global sales. Toyota Prius became the first hybrid for the annual new car sales in Japan with 208,876 units sold in 2009. Insight ranked fifth in overall sales in 2009 with 93,283 units sold.
A total of 315,669 Prius were sold domestically in 2010, making the Prius the country's best-selling vehicle for the second year in a row. Also the Prius broke Japan's annual sales record for the single model for the first time in 20 years, surpassing the Toyota Corolla, which in 1990 set a previous sales record of 300,008 units. The Prius sold 252,528 units in 2011, becoming the best-selling vehicle for three years in a row. This figure includes Prius sales ?, launched in May 2011, and Toyota Aqua, launched in December. Despite staying on top, the total Prius sales for 2011 are 20% lower than in 2010 due in part to the disruptions caused by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami, and also because government incentives for hybrid cars have been lowered. Nevertheless, during Japan's fiscal year 2011 (April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012), hybrid vehicles accounted for 16% of all new car sales in the country. In May 2012, hybrid sales reached a record 19.7% market share of new car sales in the country, including kei cars. Sales are led by a conventional Prius followed by Toyota Aqua. Also during this month, hybrid sales represent 25% of Honda's sales and 46% of Toyota's sales in the country.
The Toyota Aqua, released in December 2011, ranks as the second best-selling car in Japan in 2012 after the conventional Prius. A total of 262,367 units were sold in 2013, Aqua topped new car sales in Japan in 2013, including sales of kei cars. And with 233,209 units sold during 2014, down 11.1% from 2013, Aqua is the best-selling new car in Japan for the second year in a row. Once again in 2015, with 215,525 units sold, down 7.6% from 2014, Aqua is ranked as the best-selling new car in Japan. Toyota Aqua is not only the best selling car in Japan for three consecutive years, from 2013 to 2015, but is considered the most successful nameplate launch in the Japanese market over the last 20 years. In the first quarter of 2016, the Prius liftback surpassed Aqua as the best-selling new car, the Prius ending in 2016 as the best-selling car in the Japanese market with 248,258 units, followed by Aqua with 168,208 units.
American Market
The hybrid electric vehicle market in the United States is the second largest in the world after Japan, and represents about 36% of the more than 11 million hybrids sold worldwide until April 2016. Cumulative sales exceeded 2 million units in May 2011, 3 million marks October 2013 and 4 million in April 2016. Sales of hybrid vehicles in the US began to decline following the 2007-08 financial crisis, and after a brief recovery, began to decline again in 2014 due to low gasoline prices. Hybrid sales in the US market reached the highest market share ever in 2013, capturing 3.19% of new car sales that year. By the end of 2015 the rate of hybrid taking has dropped to 2.21%, down to 1.99% in 2016, and slightly recovering to 2.13% by 2017.
Since its establishment in 1999, a total of 4,058,258 hybrid electric cars and SUV vehicles have been sold in the country until May 2016. The Toyota Prius family is the market leader with 1,932,805 units sold until April 2016, representing a market share of 48.0% total hybrid sales. The conventional Toyota Prius is the best-selling hybrid model, with 1,643,000 units sold until April 2016, accounting for 40.8% of all hybrids sold in the US since the beginning. The United States accounts for 44.7% of global hybrid sales of Toyota Motor Company until April 2016.
In April 2016, conventional Prius sales were followed by Toyota Camry Hybrid, with 345,640 units sold since 2006, Honda Civic Hybrid, with cumulative sales of 234,610 vehicles since 2002, Ford Fusion Hybrid with 166,341 units since 2009, and Toyota Prius c with 165,075 units from 2012 Among the hybrids built by American manufacturers, Lincoln MKZ/Mercury Milan/Fusion Hybrid siblings are ranked first, with combined sales of 200,899 units from 2009 to 2015.
California has become the leading state of hybrid sales in the US with 55,553 vehicles sold in 2009, 74,932 in 2008, and 91,417 in 2007. In 2009 followed by New York (15,438) and Florida (14,949). Top 5 U. S. metropolitan markets for hybrid electric vehicle sales in 2009 were Los Angeles (26,677), New York (21,193), San Francisco (15,799), Washington, D.C. (11,595), and Chicago (8,990). The Prius became the best-selling vehicle in California in 2012. Once again in 2013, the Prius nameplate is the best-selling vehicle in California with 69,728 units sold.
European Market
In April 2016, about 1.5 million hybrid cars have been sold in Europe since it was introduced, representing about 13.6% of global cumulative global sales. Of these, Toyota and Lexus hybrids numbered about 1.1 million units (74%). PSA Peugeot CitroÃÆ'¡n has sold more than 50,000 diesel-powered hybrids in Europe by December 2013. By 2014, a quarter of all new vehicles sold by Toyota in the EU are hybrid electric. The best-selling hybrid market in 2015 is France, followed by Britain, Italy, Germany, Spain, Netherlands and Norway.
By December 2014, hybrid vehicles accounted for 1.4% of new passenger car registrations in EU Member States, up from 1.1% in 2012. The Netherlands is a leading country in the Union countries with a market share of 3.7% of the total passenger car sales in 2014, although fewer hybrid vehicles are sold in the Dutch market in 2014 than in previous years. Accounting for all countries on the continent, Norway is a segment leader, with a market share of 6.9% in 2014.
Hybrid sales in Europe rose from about 9,000 units in 2004 to 39,880 in 2006, with Toyota accounting for 91% of hybrid sales and Honda with 3,410 units sold that year. Toyota's cumulative hybrid sales since 2000 reached 69,674 units in 2006, while Honda hybrid sales totaled more than 8,000 units. In January 2009, Honda had sold 35,149 hybrids in Europe, of which 34,757 were Honda Civic Hybrids. During 2008, the combined sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrids in Europe were 57,819 units, representing 5.2% of Toyota's total sales in the region. Toyota's sales are led by the Prius with 41,495 units. Toyota Prius cumulative sales reached 100,000 units in 2008 and the figure of 200,000 was reached in July 2010. Britain has become one of the leading European markets for the Prius since its inception, with 20% of the Prius sales in Europe in 2010.
Toyota's European hybrid sales totaled 70,529 vehicles in 2010, including sales of 15,237 Toyota Auris Hybrids. Sales reached 84,839 units in 2011, including 59,161 Toyota and 25,678 Lexus hybrid vehicles. The Auris hybrid sold 32,725 units in 2011. Lexus hybrids accounted for 85% of total sales in Western Europe in 2011. Toyota and Lexus hybrids represent 10% percent of Toyota's new European car sales in 2011. TMC shares hybrid sales out of total sales companies Europe rose from 13% in 2012 to 20% during the first 11 months of 2013.
During the first nine months of 2013, more than 118,000 hybrids were sold in Western Europe representing a 1.4% market share of new car sales in the region. A total of 192,664 hybrid cars are sold in the EU and EFTA countries by 2014. Sales increased 21.5% by 2015, with 234,170 units sold. By 2015, gasoline-powered hybrids represent 91.6% of total hybrid registrations. The best-selling model in 2015 is the Toyota Auris Hybrid, with 75,810 units, up 13.0% from 2014; followed by the Yaris Hybrid with 68,902 units, up 22% from 2014. Seven of the top ten hybrid models sold in 2015 are from Toyota or Lexus brands. Toyota achieved record hybrid sales in 2015 with 201,500 units shipped. Hybrid registrations in the EU and EFTA countries reached 74,796 units during the first quarter of 2016, up 29.7% from the same quarter a year earlier.
Cumulative TMC sales since the introduction of the Prius in Europe in 2000 exceeded one million units of the milestone in November 2015. In December 2017, Toyota's best-selling hybrid was the Auris Hybrid (427,600), Yaris Hybrid (388,900), and the conventional Prius (299,100). The best-selling Lexus models are the Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h with 111,100 units, and the Lexus CT 200h with 78,100 units.
- UK
Since 2006 hybrid car registrations in the UK reached 257,404 units by April 2016, including 11,679 diesel-electric hybrids, introduced in 2011. The UK hybrid segment market share rose from 1.1% in 2010, to 1.2% in 2012, 1.5% new car registrations in 2014.
Since 2000, when the Prius was launched in the UK, 100,000 Toyota hybrids have been sold in May 2014, and nearly 50,000 Lexus models since the introduction of the RX 400h in 2005. Honda has sold more than 22,000 hybrid cars in the UK by December 2011 since Insight was launched in the country it was in 2000. After 15 years since the launch of the Prius in the UK market, the combined sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrids reached 200,000 units milestone in November 2015.
A total of 37,215 hybrids are registered in 2014, and while petrol-electric hybrids are up 32.6% from 2013, diesel-electric hybrids are down 12.6%. Hybrid registrations reached a record 44,580 units by 2015, consisting of 40,707 gasoline-powered hybrids and 3,873 diesel-powered; The latter increased 36.3% from 2014, while gasoline-powered hybrids grew by 18.1%. The shared hybrid market segment reached 1.69% of new car registrations in the UK that year.
- French
A total of 165,915 hybrid cars have been registered in France between 2007 and 2014, including 33,547 diesel-powered hybrids. French plug-in hybrid account registration along with a conventional hybrid. Among EU Member States, France has the second largest hybrid market share in 2014, with 2.3% of new car sales, down from 2.6% in 2013.
The diesel hybrid technology, introduced by PSA Peugeot CitroÃÆ'Â nn with the HYbrid4 system in 2011, represents 20.2% of hybrid car stocks sold in France between 2011 and 2014. Among the 13,340 units listed in 2011, the best-selling model in France Markets are Toyota Auris (4740 units), Prius (2,429 units), and Honda Jazz Hybrid (1,857 units). Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 diesel-powered, launched in late 2011, sold 401 units. Toyota leads hybrid sales in the French market in 2013 with 27,536 registrations of the Yaris, Auris and Prius models, followed by the PSA group with 13,400 registrations. During 2014, a total of 42,813 hybrid cars and vans were registered, down 8.5% from 2013. Of these, 9,518 were diesel-electric hybrids, down 31.9% from 13,986 units a year earlier, while gasoline-electric hybrid registrations increased by 1 , 5% The best-selling model in 2014 is the Toyota Yaris Hybrid with 12,819 units, Toyota Auris with 10,595 and Peugeot 3008 with 4,189 units. Hybrid registrations in 2014 include 1,519 plug-in hybrids, with sales led by Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, with 820 units.
- Dutch
As of December 31, 2015, hybrid car registrations totaled 131,011 units, up 11.7% from 117,259 a year earlier. By the end of 2009 there were about 39,300 hybrid cars registered in the Netherlands, up from 23,000 the previous year. Most of the registered hybrid cars belong to the company's fleet due to the tax incentives that were established in the country in 2008. During the first eight months of 2013, about 65% of TMC cars sold in the Netherlands have been hybrids, with technology very popular among fleet owners and taxi driver. Following the same market trend as in 2014, more plug-in hybrids were registered in 2015 (41.226) in the country than conventional hybrids (13,752).
As a result of tax incentives, the country has had several years of the highest hybrid market share among the EU Member States. Hybrid sales rose from 0.7% in 2006 and 2007 to 2.4% in 2008, and reached 4.2% in 2009. Due to the 2007-08 financial crisis, the market fell for two years to 2.7% in 2011, but recovered to 4.5% in 2012. Due to fewer hybrid vehicles sold in the Dutch market in 2014 than in previous years, the market share of the hybrid segment dropped to 3.7% of total passenger car sales in 2014. Sales decrease was caused by changes in the national vehicle taxation scheme. In 2014, Japan (~ 20%) and Norway (6.9%) were the only countries with a higher market share than the Netherlands.
- German
In January 2016, there were 130,365 hybrid cars registered in Germany, up from 85,575 on the road on January 1, 2014, and 47,642 vehicles on January 1, 2012. Hybrid car registrations reached a record 24,963 units in 2013, and declined to 22,908 in 2014, and to 22,529 by 2015. The share of the German hybrid market rose from 0.3% in 2010, to 0.8% in 2013, and decreased 0.7% of new car registrations in 2014.
- Spanish
A total of 10,350 hybrid cars were registered in Spain in 2011, up 22% from 2010 sales. The best-selling hybrids are Toyota Prius, Toyota Auris HSD and Lexus CT 200h, which together represent 83.2% of new hybrid car sales in the country. During 2012, hybrid sales were almost constant with sales of 10,030 units, representing 1.44% of new passenger car sales that year. The best-selling car is the Prius with 3,969 units, followed by Auris HSD (2,234) and Lexus CT 200h (1,244). The combined sales of Toyota and Lexus models represent 89.15% of hybrid sales in the Spanish market in 2012. Hybrid sales in 2013 increased 1.72% from 2012, with 10,294 units registered. Toyota Auris HSD is the best-selling hybrid with 3,644 units, followed by Prius (2,378) and Yaris Hybrid (1,587).
Technology
Varieties of hybrid electric designs can be distinguished by hybrid vehicle's drive structure, fuel type, and mode of operation.
In 2007, several car manufacturers announced that future vehicles will use hybrid electric technology aspect to reduce fuel consumption without using hybrid drivetrain. Regenerative braking can be used to reclaim energy and stored to power accessories, such as air conditioning. Turning off the engine while idle can also be used to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions without the addition of hybrid drivetrain. In both cases, some advantages of hybrid electric technology are obtained while the additional cost and weight may be limited to the addition of larger batteries and starter motors. There is no standard terminology for such vehicles, although they can be called mild hybrids.
Engine and fuel source
Fossil fuels
Free piston engines can be used to generate electricity as efficiently, and cheaper than, fuel cells.
- Gasoline
The gasoline engine is used in most hybrid electric designs and will likely remain dominant for the foreseeable future. While petroleum gasoline derivatives are the main fuel, it is possible to mix in different levels of ethanol made from renewable energy sources. Like most modern ICE vehicles, HEVs can typically use up to 15% bioethanol. Manufacturers can move to flexible fuel engines, which will increase the allowable ratio, but no plans exist today.
- Diesel
HEV diesel-electric uses diesel engines for power plants. Diesels have an advantage when delivering constant power for long periods of time, suffering less wear and tear while operating at higher efficiency. High torque diesel engines, combined with hybrid technology, can offer much better mileage. Most diesel vehicles can use 100% pure biofuel (biodiesel), so they can use but do not need any oil at all for fuel (although biofuel and petroleum blends are more common). If diesel-electric HEV is used, this benefit will also apply. Diesel-electric hybrid drivetrains have begun to appear in commercial vehicles (especially buses); in 2007, no passenger-electric hybrid diesel-electric duty trucks were available, although prototypes existed. Peugeot is expected to produce a diesel-electric hybrid version of 308 at the end of 2008 for the European market.
PSA Peugeot CitroÃÆ'® n has launched two demonstrator vehicles featuring diesel-electric hybrid drivetrain: Peugeot 307, CitroÃÆ'¡n C4 Hybride HDi and CitroÃÆ'¡n C-Cactus. Volkswagen makes diesel-electric hybrid prototype cars that reach 2Ã,Â,100 km (140 mpg -brand ; 120 mpg -US ) fuel economy, but have yet to sell hybrid vehicles. General Motors has tested the Opel Astra Diesel Hybrid. No concrete dates are suggested for this vehicle, but press statements have suggested production vehicles will not appear before 2009.
At the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009 Mercedes and BMW featured a diesel-electric hybrid.
Robert Bosch GmbH supplies hybrid diesel-electric technology to various manufacturers and models of cars, including the Peugeot 308.
So far, diesel-electric production machines mostly appear on mass transit buses.
FedEx, along with Eaton Corp in the United States and Iveco in Europe, has begun deploying a small fleet of Hybrid diesel-powered trucks. As of October 2007, Fedex operates more than 100 diesel electric hybrids in North America, Asia and Europe.
- Liquid petroleum gas
Hyundai was introduced at the 2009 Hyundai Elantra LPI Hybrid, which is the first mass-produced hybrid electric vehicle to run in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
- Hydrogen
Hydrogen can be used in cars in two ways: a combustible heat source, or a source of electrons for an electric motor. Hydrogen combustion is not developed practically; it is a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (HFEV) that gathers all the attention. Hydrogen fuel cells generate electric current to the electric motor to drive the wheels. Hydrogen is not burned, but consumed. This means molecular hydrogen, H 2 , combined with oxygen to form water. 2H 2 (4e - ) O 2 - & gt; 2H 2 O (4e - ). The affinity of hydrogen and oxygen molecules push each other's fuel cells to separate the electrons from hydrogen, use them to power the electric motors, and return them to the ionized water molecules formed when the hydrogen spent by electrons is combined with oxygen. in fuel cells. Given that a hydrogen atom is nothing more than a proton and an electron; in essence, the motor is driven by the attraction of proton atoms to the oxygen core, and the attraction of electrons to ionized water molecules.
HFEV is an all-electric car featuring an open source battery in the form of a hydrogen tank and atmosphere. HFEVs can also consist of closed cell batteries for the purpose of storing power from regenerative braking, but this does not alter the source of motivation. This implies HFEV is an electric car with two types of batteries. Because HFEVs are pure electric, and do not contain any kind of heat engine, they are not hybrids.
Biofuels
Hybrid vehicles may use internal combustion engines run on biofuels, such as flexible fuel engines that use ethanol or biodiesel engines. In 2007 Ford produced 20 demonstrations of Escape Hybrid E85s for real-world testing in the US fleet. Also as a demonstration project, Ford delivered in 2008 the first plug-in flexible fuel plug-in SUV to the US Department of Energy (DOE), a Ford Escape Plug-in Hybrid, capable of running with gasoline or E85.
The Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid electric vehicle will be the first commercially available flex-fuel plug-in hybrid that is able to adapt to the propulsion biofuels used in some world markets such as E85 ethanol blends in the US, or E100 in Brazil, or biodiesel in Sweden. Volt will be E85's flexible fuel about a year after its introduction.
Power engine
In a separate road vehicle (Toyota, Ford, GM, Chrysler) there are two electric machines, one of which functions as a motor mainly, and other functions as its main generator. One of the main requirements of these machines is that they are very efficient, because the electrical part of the energy must be converted from the engine to the generator, through two inverters, through the motor again and then to the wheels.
Most of the electric machines used in hybrid vehicles are brushless DC motors (BLDC). In particular, they are a type called the permanent magnet machine (IPM) internal (or motor). These machines are also wrapped around induction motors found in ordinary houses, but (for high efficiency) use a very strong rare-earth magnet in the rotor. This magnet contains neodymium, iron and boron, and is therefore called Neodymium magnet.
The price of Neodymium suffered a price bubble because of China's export restrictions in 2010-11, up from $ 50/kg in early 2010 to $ 500/kg in the summer of 2011. This resulted in 'demolition of demand' due to many manufacturers quickly. turned to replace induction motors in their cars to maintain their production lines. This regardless of motors lower than 'strength to weight' attribute ratio significantly affects all but the most powerful motor size (energy drank), for example used at Tesla. In April 2014 there were non-Chinese Neodymium producers and the price/kg was no more than that in 2010. Cutting down the UK motors now manufactured using Neodymium Permanent Magnet technology. Due to the safety of inventory returns, it is certain that there will be a return to the superior motor design enabled by NdFeB Permanent Magnet.
Design considerations
In some cases, manufacturers produce HEVs that use the additional energy provided by the hybrid system to give a boost to the vehicle, rather than significantly increasing fuel efficiency compared to their traditional heavy equipment. The exchange between added performance and improved fuel efficiency is partially controlled by software in a hybrid system and partly the result of engine, battery and motor size. In the future, manufacturers can provide HEV owners with the ability to control some of this balance (fuel efficiency vs. added performance) as desired, through user-controlled settings. Toyota announced in January 2006 that it was considering a "high efficiency" button.
Conversion plan
A person can buy a hybrid stake or convert a stock petroleum car to a hybrid electric vehicle using an aftermarket hybrid kit.
Environmental impact
Fuel consumption
Electric hybrids reduce the consumption of petroleum in certain circumstances, compared with the vehicle k
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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