The Tesla Model S is a five-door luxury five-door all-electric five-door exit for the P model, manufactured by Tesla, Inc., and was introduced on June 22, 2012. It prints the security score perfect NHTSA 5.0 car. The EPA's official range for 2017 Model S 100D, which comes with a 100 kWh (360 MJ) battery, is 335 miles (539 km), higher than any other electric car.
EPA considers energy consumption 2017 90D Model S at 200.9 watt-hours per kilometer (32.33 kWh/100 mi or 20.09 km/100 km) for a combined fuel economy of 104 miles per liter of gasoline equivalent (2.26 L/100 km or 125 mpg -imp ). In 2016, Tesla updated the Model S design to match Model X. As of October 2017, the following versions are available: 75D, 100D and P100D.
In 2013, the Model S became the first electric car to rank new monthly car sales in any country, twice leading in Norway, in September and December 2013 and also in Denmark in December 2015. Global S Model sales pass 200,000 units milestone in early fourth quarter 2017. The US is a leading market, with approximately 119,000 units shipped through December 2017.
Tesla Model S is the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2015 and 2016, and by the end of 2017 continues to rank as the second-most-sold electric car in history after Nissan Leaf.
Tesla Model S is the 2013 World Green Car of the Year, 2013 Trends Car of the Year, 2013 Magazine Car Automobile , Time Magazine 25 Best Inventions award of 2012 and Consumer Reports top-scoring car in the testing of its course. In 2015, Car and Driver named Model S Car of the Century. After not recommending Model S in 2015 due to poor reliability, one year later, Consumer Reports added the car to the recommended list.
Video Tesla Model S
History
The S model is styled by Franz von Holzhausen, who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations. The car was codenamed WhiteStar during initial research and development. It was officially announced in a press release on June 30, 2008. The prototype vehicle was shown at a press conference on March 26, 2009. The exclusive Prime Minister of their Model S electric car was held at their Menlo Park store on April 8, 2009.
In February 2008 it was reported that Tesla, Inc. (later Tesla Motors) plans to offer a wide range version of the Model S. This version will include a gasoline engine to extend the driving range of the vehicle, but it is removed in later revisions. At the GoingGreen conference in September 2008, Tesla's CEO, Elon Musk, announced that Tesla only developed electric cars.
Construction of an assembly plant in Albuquerque, New Mexico (central location for delivery) should begin in April 2007, but be canceled. A factory to be built in San Jose, California was also announced. In May 2010 Tesla announced it would produce Model S at its former NUMMI assembly plant in Fremont, California, now known as the Tesla Factory. This third plan is implemented.
Tesla says that after three years, the Model S car travels more than 1 billion miles (1.6 billion km), the first plug-in power to reach that total. By 2014, the total Volt is 629 million miles electrically (1 billion km) out of a total of 1 billion travel miles, while Nissan says Leaf has accumulated 625 million total miles. Tesla says 68% of the Model S travels are in North America, 25% in Europe and 7% in Asia-Pacific. Global Model S sales pass 100,000 units by 2015, and 150,000 in November 2016. The 200,000 achievement was achieved at the start of the fourth quarter of 2017.
In 2016, "Electric GT World Series" was promoted in preparation for the 2017 racing season using the P85 as a race car on certain traditional tracks. The first season is planned to have 20 cars in 10 teams.
In April 2016, Tesla made minor changes in the Model S. Fascia front having a design similar to Model X, adding an adaptive LED headlamp. HEPA cabin air filtering system is added. The standard charger increases from 40 to 48 amps, accelerating charging at higher power line currents. Two ash wood interior options are added.
In May 2018 Tesla released the source code for Model S in the github.com repository as part of their software licensing compliance process in conjunction with the Freedom Conservancy Software.
Maps Tesla Model S
Production
Tesla manufactures Model S at the 5.4 million-square-foot Tesla Plant (500,000 m 2 ) in Fremont, California. For the European market, Tesla assembles and distributes it from the European Distribution Center in Tilburg, The Netherlands. The car was built and tested in Fremont, California. Battery packs, electric motors and spare parts are dismantled and shipped separately to Tilburg, where cars are reassembled. The center occupies an industrial building covering an area of ​​203,000 square feet (18,900 m 2 ) which also serves as a workshop and a spare parts warehouse. Tesla expects the Model S to "repay" the energy that goes into producing cars in less than 10,000 miles (16,000 km).
The first ten customers received their car at the Fremont factory on June 22, 2012 at the official launch. Production grew from 15-20 cars finished/week in August 2012 to about 1,000 cars per week by 2015.
In October 2015, Tesla announced that the company is negotiating with the Chinese government to produce electric cars domestically. Local production has the potential to reduce the selling price of Tesla models by up to one-third. Elon Musk says production will remain in the US, but if there is enough local demand for Model 3 in China, the plant could be built in the country soon after a year after the launch of the new model. Production in Europe will also depend on region demand for Model 3.
Design
The S models come in several versions, differing in energy capacity (battery size), power (motor size), and equipment. It is classified as a full-size luxury car in the US, or as a "Big Car" (120 cu ft or so) or "Luxury Sedan" by the EPA. Classification of the Euro Car Segment is the S-segment (sports car), or "Oberklasse" (F-segment) in Germany.
Powertrain
Model Tesla Model S Performance model 2012 has three phases, four poles of induction AC 416 hp (310 kW) and 443 ft (lb) (601 N m) electric motor mounted on the rear with copper rotor. The basic model uses 362 hp (270 kW) and 325Ã, ft? Lb (441Ã, N? M).
The company claims the drag coefficient C d = 0.24, more low from any car when released. Independent measurements by Car and Driver in May 2014 make Tesla claims by confirming the drag coefficient C d = 0.24.
The rear axle has a traditional open differential. Models with dual motors also have an open differential on the front as well. Front and rear axles have no mechanical connection - with dual motors, power distribution between them is electronically controlled.
The Model S P90D has a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h) and can accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 97 km/h) in 2.8 seconds , although lower total power motor, in part due to improved traction of the all-wheel drive powertrain. The Model S P85D, the all-wheel-drive dual-motor vehicle has a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h) and accelerates from 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 97 km/h) in 3.2 seconds (tested up to 3.1 sec ), under "Insane Mode", with 1g acceleration. The new P85D has an optional "Ludicrous Mode" hardware package available with a 90-kWh battery increase (thus becoming a P90D) that increases from 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 97 km/h) acceleration up to 2.8 seconds and 1.1g. Tesla initially reported the total output in the P85D as an arithmetic addition of the maximum power of each electric motor at 691 hp (515 kW) but then reported it as 463 hp (345 kW) because the two motors did not give its maximum power. at the same time.
In March 2017, the P100D variant holds the record for the fastest acceleration of any production vehicle with NHRA rolling starting at 60 mph in the Trend Motor test with 2.28 seconds (0 to 100 km/h in 2.36 seconds) in ludicrous fashion, others have placed it behind the Porsche 918 Spyder. Due to overheating problems, Tesla limits the number of times the driver can use ludicrous mode for a certain time, as driving a car in that mode can shorten the battery life and can cause damage to the car. According to MotorTrend, choose "Yes, take it!" option for maximum acceleration "start the battery process and motor conditioning, where the battery temperature is raised slightly and the motor cooled using AC system Usually it only takes a few minutes, longer in extreme ambient temperature or after repetitive repetition you have to wait to wait at least 10 minutes at between the two. "
Powertrain provides regenerative braking power of more than 60 kW which reduces energy consumption and improves brake life. Owners reported many powertrain problems from 2012, improved significantly over the years. In July 2015, Tesla announced its goal to make the Model S powertrain last for a million miles. In 2017, in the Consumer Car Reliability Survey, Tesla's position on the list has climbed four levels; the predicted reliability ratings for Model S reach "above average" for the first time.
The dual-motor all-wheel-drive version
On October 9, 2014, Tesla announced the introduction of the Model S, 60, 85, and P85 Model S models of All-Wheel Drive models (AWD) set by D at the end of the model number.
On April 8, 2015, Tesla introduced the Model S 70D as its new entry-level car, with an all-wheel drive and an increased range of 240 miles (385 km); a 5 kWhe can be purchased by unlocking the software. The 70D replaces the 60 and 60D in the Model S lineup, with the latter two models no longer available for purchase. The P85 option is also dropped.
At 85D, the rear drive unit is replaced with a smaller one to save costs and weight, while a second motor of similar size is added to the front wheels. It produces AWD cars with power and acceleration comparable to the RWD version. In addition, Tesla says that 85D has a 2% (5 mil) increase and an 11% increase at top speeds above 85. At P85D, the high power rear drive unit is maintained, while the new front drive motor increases total power by about 50%. This results in a significant increase in acceleration and top speed. P85D shipments begin in December 2014, with the 85D model from February 2015, and the 70D model from April 2015.
On June 9, 2016, Tesla reintroduced 60 and 60D, which has a 75 kWh battery, the software is locked up to 60 kWh and there is an option to purchase a key for a capacity of 75 kWh. The initial refresh of 2016 also offers the first Airfilter "Bioweapon Defense Mode" offered on Model X.
On August 23, 2016, Tesla introduced the Model S P100D in ludicrous mode as its new top-tier car, with all-wheel drive and an EPA increase of approximately 315 mi (507 km). The Model S version is best known for being the first electric vehicle to have an estimated US EPA range greater than 300 miles (485 km) and to be the fastest accelerating vehicle currently in production, with 0-60 mph (0-97 km/h) 2.5 seconds, when options are in ludicrous mode.
On April 16, 2017, Tesla removed the 60 and 60D model options, as most customers opted for a larger 75-kwh battery option. This makes the Model S 75 an entry-level Model S.
Battery
In 2012, the EPA range for the 60 kWh battery model is 208 m (335 km) and the 85 kWh battery is 265 miles (426 km). According to Musk, the Model S has a battery with an energy density doubled from that of the Nissan Leaf, but the difference in its range is more than twice that. This is also caused by other factors such as drag coefficient, weight, motor efficiency, and rolling resistance. Musk states that driving at 65 mph (105 km/h), under normal conditions, provides a reasonable range of 250 miles (400 km).
Energy saving sleep conditions will turn off the screen and other vehicle electronics, after the car sleeps. This increases the time it takes the touchscreen and the instrument panel to be usable. This mode can reduce the loss of car coverage when not in use (2.3 miles, 3.7 km per day, in 2013).
The 85 kWh battery pack weighs 1,200 pounds (540 kg) and contains 7104 lithium-ion battery cells in 16 series cable modules (14 on flat and two stacked on the front). Each module contains 6 groups of 74 cable cells in parallel; The 6 groups are then transferred in series in the module. In June 2012, batteries use modified Panasonic cells with a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode. Each cell is of a form factor of 18650 (ie, 18 mm diameter, 65 mm height cylinder), similar to a Panasonic NCR18650B cell that has an energy density of 265 Wh/kg. Analysts estimate the cost of batteries to be about 21-22% of the cost of the car.
Battery life is guaranteed for eight years or 125,000 miles (200,000 km in metric countries) for basic models with 60 kWh battery. The 85 kWh battery pack is guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles. A poll among drivers indicates that the accumulation of steadies lost batteries by 5% after 30,000 miles (50,000 km), decreased further by 1% per additional 30,000 miles (50,000 km). Unlike Nissan, Tesla does not specify limits for battery loss, but some of the initial battery packs have been replaced. Separate battery replacement warranties are valid after the eighth year for 60 kWh and 85 kWh batteries. The lithium-ion battery operates best at a certain temperature. The S Model motor, controller and battery temperature are controlled by the liquid cooling/heating circuit. The waste heat from the motor heats the battery in cold conditions, and the battery performance is reduced until the appropriate battery temperature is reached.
In 2013, Tesla canceled the 40 kWh version of the car due to lack of demand, saying that only 4% of pre-orders for the 40 kWh battery option. Customers who booked this option instead received a 60 kWh package, with limited software costs of up to 40 kWh (139 miles, 224 km). It has an enhanced acceleration and top speed of a larger package and can be upgraded to use a full 60 kWh.
On April 8, 2015, Tesla discontinued Model S 60, and replaced the base model with the Model S 70.
By 2015, Tesla introduces 70 kWh batteries to replace existing 60 kWh batteries and base 60 kWh Model S vehicles, because 60 is low margin and not quite welcomed by customers. All 70 kWh cars can be owned with rear-wheel drive or all wheel drive. The 60 re-introduced in 2016 as limited software, 75, can be upgraded to 75.
In July 2015, Tesla introduced 70, 90, 90D, and P90D variants along with "funny modes" for performance models. The P90D combines front axle power of 259 horsepower (193 kW) and rear axle power of 503 horsepower (375 kW) to a total of 762 horsepower (568 kW), for 0-60 mph in 2.8 seconds. The acceleration of P90D can reach 1.1g, described by Tesla as "faster than falling".
Tesla described the introduction of 90-kWh batteries in July 2015 as a "upgrade upgrade" of the 85 kWh battery and explained that the 6% energy increase is due to "cell chemical enhancement" and the introduction of silicon to cell graphite anodes. Tesla also announced its expectations of an annual battery capacity increase of around 5%. Tesla also explained that regardless of the P90D, the Model S has its main battery conductor protected by a fuse with a value of 1,300 A and that this rank is somewhat conservative due to the precise uncertainty of the conditions under which the fuse fuses. To reduce this uncertainty Tesla has for the P90D which introduces the Inconel battery contactor and electronically activated fuse, which monitors currents at milliseconds, cuts power by "extreme precision and certainty" and has a rating of 1,500Ã, A.
In February 2016, the 85 kWh battery option was discontinued in countries including the US, Australia and Canada.
In March 2016, the media reported that the distributed firmware version for Tesla Model S had support for the upcoming P100D variant. This battery is more complicated to make than version 90. P100D released in August 2016.
In April 2017, Tesla stopped offering a limited software option of 60 kWh. The lowest capacity option becomes 75 kWh, and at the same time Tesla significantly reduces the software upgrade options for the 60 and 70 models that are featured for air enhancement to 75 (and are revoked on subsequent visits to the Tesla service center).
Practicality and viability
The S model is famous for being designed solely with an electric powertrain in mind, unlike any other vehicle in which the manufacturer simply exchanges or replaces the internal combustion engine with an electric motor. As a result, the Model S is able to offer unique features such as front luggage, 'frunk', in addition to extensive rear trunk (with a total cargo volume of 31.56Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã, Ã,) and greatly enlarged the front crumple zone compared to typical combustion engine powered vehicles.
To improve life skills, Tesla has developed a network of fast charging 'Supercharger' stations that allow drivers to quickly and easily refill the load on Model S. The Supercharger Network has grown rapidly in Europe, across the United States, and other countries in where there is significant demand, and by September 2016, networks have been established in most American countries, thus making cross-country and long-distance travel in electric vehicles feasible and greatly reducing fears of range anxiety.
Researchers from the University of California, Davis conducted a study to identify factors that influence the decision to adopt high-end battery electric vehicles (BEV), such as the Tesla Model S, because these vehicles are very different from the mainstream BEV. The 2016 study found that "environmental, performance, and technological motivation are the reasons for adoption: new technologies bring a new segment of buyers to market, and financial purchasing incentives are not important in consumer decisions to adopt an end to BEV."
Specifications
Energy consumption
Under the five-cycle testing protocol, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the Model S Model 90 kWh with a combined fuel economy equivalent to 104 MPGe (2.26 L/100 km or 125 mpg -imp ), with an equivalent value of 102 mpg -US (2.3 L/100 km; 122 mpg -imp ) in municipal drive and 107 mpg -US (2.2 L/100 km; 129 mpg -imp ) on the highway.
The following table shows the official EPA ratings for fuel economy in miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe).
Battery placement
Unlike the earliest battery electric vehicles including the Roadster, the battery packs of the Model S form the floor of the vehicle between the axles, providing the vehicle with several advantages. Particularly, since the battery is the heaviest component of the vehicle, the Model S has a high center of gravity of just 18 inches (46 cm) (almost the same as Lotus Elise), helping to achieve 0.9g lateral acceleration and good protection against the rollover. Secondly, the absence of a heavy engine between the front and rear axles allows most of the mass to be centered between the axle, lowering the rotational inertia that allows it to turn faster for its weight. Third, battery placement increases the stiffness of the passenger compartment, improving passive safety of the vehicle. Fourth, placing the battery under the vehicle allows to remove or replace the entire unit within 90 seconds for maintenance.
Charger
In all markets, the charge port is located behind the door at the left rear light. During charging, the pulse charging port is green. The frequency at which the load port light pulse slows when the charge level is near full. When the charging is complete, the light stops beating and solid green.
The Model S is equipped with different chargers and connectors in North America versus other markets, coming from differences in local electrical grid systems.
North America
The North American standard onboard charger receives a single 120 or 240-volt phase source at rates up to 10 kW . The included adapter allows the car to charge from a standard 120-volt outlet, 240 volt NEMA 14-50 outlet, 208 volts for 208Y/120V phase configuration legs, 277 volts to neutral legs 480Y/277V 3-phase SAE and SAE J1772 public charger. The optional upgrades for the second 10 kW onboard 10/span> charger support the total charging of up to 20 kW from the available 80 amp Tesla Wall Connector. North American connector uses a proprietary Tesla design.
The charging time varies depending on the state of the battery pack, the overall capacity, the available voltage, and the circuit breaker current available. From a 120 volt/15 amp power outlet, the range increases by 3.75 miles (6 km) for each charging hour. From 10 kW , NEMA 14-50 240 V/50 A outlet (as used by RV or standard cooking range), the charging rate is 28.75 miles (46 km) per hour. Using Tesla 20 kW , 240 V High Power Wall Connector speeds up to 57 miles (92 km) per hour if the car is configured with a dual charger ( 20 kW ).
Europe/Asia-Pacific
The standard European charger receives one phase 230 V to 7.6 KW , three phases 230 V ( 400 V ) to 11 KW . The Type 2 connector on the car directly receives "Mennekes" IEC 62196 charging from public stations up to 400Ã, V, and includes the adapter allowing the car to charge from standard continental European outlets and IEC 60309 230 volt (blue 3-pin) or 400 outlet volt (red 5-pin), depending on the region. The addition of the second charger supports charging up to 22 kW (up to 16.5 kW with new charger for 3 phase 400 V 24 A on new S Model fascia), providing up to 68 mi (110 km) (50 mi 80 km) on the fascia front of the new Model S) range per hour charge.
Suspension
The S model has independent coil spring suspension on all four wheels - double front wishbone, virtual steering axle control arm and independent rear multilink. As an extra-cost option, the car is available with self-adjustable and adjustable altitude air suspension. This is done through an adjustable Bilstein shock absorbers that are controlled by the driver. This car is meant to lower its speed on the highway and improve itself to cross steep driveways and rugged terrains, even though the ground clearance is 15 cm (15 cm) and the rather long wheelbase 116 inches (29 cm).
Because, in Tesla, electronic systems can be improved by downloading "over-the-air", rather than remember, the suspension system has been retroactively changed on several occasions. During 2013 'fire investigation', NHTSA asked Tesla to disable the car's ability to lower its own pace on the theory that ground clearance below 6 inches (15 cm) can cause batteries under the car to contact road debris. In September 2014, Tesla enhanced the altitude adjustment feature for the Model S car equipped with air suspension to remember locations that require higher clearance such as holes and steep driveways, and automatically adjusts to avoid them.
Autopilot
Starting September 2014, the Model S vehicle is equipped with a camera (supplied by Mobileye) mounted on the top of the windshield, forward looking radar (provided by Bosch) on the bottom grille, and ultrasonic acoustic location sensor on the front and rear bumper providing zones a 360-degree buffer around the car. This equipment allows Model S to detect road signs, path marks, obstacles, and other vehicles. In addition to the adaptive cruise control and departure warning paths, "Packet Tech", together known as Autopilot, the option allows semi-autonomous driving and parking capabilities. All Model S cars sold since October 2014 have the option to enable Autopilot, which allows limited hands-free driving. Autopilot-enabled cars receive software wirelessly, similar to other car software updates.
According to Elon Musk, the Model S is designed to be a computer on wheels: "We really design Model S to be a very sophisticated computer on wheels.Tesla is a software company, just like a hardware company.The big part of what Tesla is Silicon Valley software company.We see this same as updating your phone or laptop. "Full autonomy is" really software limitations: Hardware exists to create full autonomy, so it's really about developing sophisticated and narrow AIs for car to operate. "
Fatal accident
The first known fatal accident involving Model S occurs when the autopilot is active in Williston, Florida on May 7, 2016. In June 2016, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened an official investigation into an accident that worked with the Florida Highway Patrol. According to NHTSA, preliminary reports indicate an accident occurred when the tractor trailer turned left in front of Tesla at the intersection on an uncontrolled access highway, and the car failed to apply the brakes. The NHTSA preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of automatic drive systems used at the time of the accident, involving a population of approximately 25,000 Model S. cars.
According to Tesla, "neither autopilots nor drivers pay attention to the white side of the tractor-trailer against the bright sky, so the brakes are not applied." The car was trying to drive at full speed under the trailer, "with the bottom of the trailer affecting the Model S. windscreen" Tesla also stated that this is Tesla's first autopilot-related death in over 130 million miles (208 million km) driven by its customers while Autopilot is activated. According to Tesla there is the death of every 94 million miles (150 million km) among all types of vehicles in the US In January 2017, the NTSB report concluded Tesla was innocent because the driver in the accident had seven seconds to see the truck and take action; The investigation revealed that Tesla's car accident rate fell by 40 percent after the autopilot was installed.
Instrument panel
The instrument panel is a 12.3 inch (31 cm) liquid crystal displaying electronic instrument clusters showing speed, power usage, charge level, approximate range and active gear, and Nav direction (driven by Garmin). The gear selector can be set to drive , neutral , backwards , and park . The infotainment control touch screen is a 17-inch (43 cm) multitouch panel that is divided into four areas. The top row displays status symbols and provides shortcuts to Charging, HomeLink, Driver Profiles, vehicle information (software version and vehicle identification number) and Bluetooth. The second line provides access to multiple apps including Media, Nav (powered by Google Maps, and thus separate from Nav in instrument panel), Energy, Web, Camera and Phone. The main main display area shows (two) active apps, subdivided into up and down areas. (Most apps can be expanded to take the whole area). At the bottom is access to various controls and settings for vehicles such as doors, locks and lights as well as temperature control and secondary volume control.
Instrument clusters and infotainment panels are driven by Nvidia Tegra 3 3D Visual Computing A separate module. Tesla was the first company to deliver this technology. The Tegra system on the chip (SoC) integrates eight special processors, including multi-core ARM CPUs, GPUs, and special audio, video and image processors. Nvidia claims that it consumes 2% of the ordinary CPU energy.
The navigation system uses GPS and a mixture of Garmin and Google Maps route guides. The 17-inch (43 cm) view of the map requires a constant Internet connection, so navigation is limited in areas without mobile network coverage. The Nav on the instrument panel is loaded on the car and does not require Internet access to the function. Update 6.2 auto nav guidance feature to the charging station if the range is insufficient.
Fans have developed an Open Vehicle Monitoring System (OVMS) that allows owners to observe different operating parameters of different vehicles, such as battery status, typically using a smartphone. Some of the switchgear used are Mercedes components, such as window switches, cruise control levers, and drive selectors.
According to Elon Musk, Model S runs on an open-source Linux operating system. In 2014, Autoblog reports that the owner of Tesla Models S has determined through a combined car diagnostic and Ethernet port that the Ubuntu system that controls the central touch screen is connected to the car's internal ethernet. The same user specifies that other Ubuntu systems that control the dashboard/navigation screen are also connected to the internal network, along with a third computer of an unknown type with an unknown function.
Options
All versions of the Model S have the same body and usually accommodate five passengers. An optional folding third line becomes a child seat with two rear facing seats with five dot harnesses. Consumer Reports says that the 7-passenger capacity provided by this option is greater than any other electric vehicle, although it is not exactly the same as a full-size SUV that can accommodate 7 adults. Two additional seats are only for children over 37 (940 mm) and weigh between 35 and 77 pounds (16 to 35 kg), which magazines describe as "a narrow size range.This is too big for smaller children , and bigger. " which will not fit under a slanted glass window. "The seats are folded beneath the rear cargo area, which Consumer Reports says is a" complicated and awkward "operation, though for the third row seat" handy for occasional extra passengers when your kids bring friends together ", as long as the driver had planned ahead and left the empty cargo area.Although the rear seat option includes a stronger rear bumper, the magazine also said that the seat behind the rear axle on the Model S, like the third row seat, is an additional risk in severe back impact , although this is relatively rare.
The cargo space is available under the front hood, which Tesla refers to as "frunk". In October 2014, the improved Model S P85D, D for dual, was introduced. The enhanced version has two electric motors, one of which drives the rear wheels as in the previous version, and one drives the front wheel. The dual motor version will be available also for the basic 85 kWh version. The rear-wheel drive version of the P85 has been removed, and the dual motor option is not available for the 60 kWh version.
The 2015 model update introduces an electromechanical brake. By 2016, 85 kWh battery and then 90 kWh are discontinued from all markets. A horizontal glass roof without a horizontal roof bar between the B-pillars is introduced by the end of 2016. Before adding the all-glass roof option to Model S, the possible rooftop options are: colored body roof, black painted roof, or panoramic sunroof.
Warranty and vehicle maintenance
Model S is covered by a limited warranty of 4 years, 50,000,000 (80,000 km), which includes all standard equipment, transmission and complete powertrain (excluding tires). The warranty can be extended 4 years or 50,000 miles (80,000 km) beyond the original provisions. Warranty coverage includes complementary borrower car - Performance 85 or Tesla Roadster - when service is required. In April 2013, Tesla announces that the required mandatory vehicle inspections and mandatory annual maintenance fees will be made optional, and will not be required to maintain warranty coverage. If selected, the cost includes full inspection, tire alignment, new brake pads, hardware upgrades, and other diverse maintenance items as necessary.
Batteries and drive units are covered for eight years or 125,000 miles (200,000 km in metric countries) for a base model of 60 kWh, or eight years and unlimited distances for all 70 and 85 kWh models. The unconditional battery warranty covers everything except intentional damage, including user error. However, loss of battery capacity over time or use is not covered under warranty.
Environmental impact
The Tesla lithium-ion battery contains a small amount of nickel and cobalt, extraction and refining which has been identified by the EPA as having high potential for environmental impact due to refining process toxicity. Tesla claims to recycle all the returned battery packs to the company, and is optimistic that its Gigafactory 1, once fully operational, will be able to recycle significant parts of the elements of the old battery, close to the "closed loop" where the old battery is converted into new battery. Tesla has worked with ToxCo/Kinsbursky in the US since 2008 and Umicore in Europe to recycle outdated RoHS batteries, which will be done at the new plant. While ToxCo/Kinsbursky uses a hydro-metallurgical process to recover lithium from batteries, Umicore only recovers nickel and cobalt for reuse in new batteries and converts approximately 30% of batteries, including lithium batteries, into slags sold to steel distillers and manufacturers cement.
In February 2014, the Automotive Science Group (ASG) published the results of a study conducted to assess the life cycle of more than 1,300 cars in nine categories sold in North America. This study assesses Model S as the best environmentalist in the full-size car category of 2014. Based on the environmental impact assessment of the life cycle, the study concludes that the increased environmental impact of vehicle manufacturing is more than offset by improvements in environmental performance during operations. For assessment, this study uses an average electric mix of US networks by 2014. Nissan Leaf has the smallest life cycle cycle cycle of any 2014 model car available in the North American market. Automotive Service Group is an ad-supported website and marketing consulting firm founded by the Seattle couple in 2009.
In 2012, a study by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that electric vehicles in the United States with the same efficiency as the Model S are responsible for the production of the same amount of CO 2 as a gasoline-powered car that gets 34 to 115 MPG, depending on the power source in the area where the car is being charged. The study estimates that nearly half of Americans live in areas where electric vehicles will produce fewer emissions than a 50 MPG hybrid vehicle. A 2015 study by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that in the US region where Model S is popular, manufacturing emissions are 68% higher offset in a few years of average driving. During their life cycle, the EV emits about half the number of comparable fossil cars. The report assumes the electrical material is recycled at the same level as other cars, but does not include the issue of battery disposal, "because there is rare data about how the industry currently recycles the batteries or intends to do so in the future".
Charging
Home charging
Tesla recommends that the primary charging method be overnight charging at home, "like your cell phone". The Model S Tesla vehicle comes with a Cellular Connector, which allows charging up to 40 amps and includes an adapter to connect to various power sources. In North America, an adapter for NEMA 5-15 with a 120 volt and NEMA 14-50 240 volt, as well as an adapter for SAE J1772 charging stations, is included. In Europe, the adapter for the red CEE 3P N E, CEE 2P CEE, CEE 7, and BS 1363 are available (inclusion varies by country), and the adapter cable to connect to the charger with Type 2 connector is also included.
The Tesla Wall Connectors are available for home or business installations, and allow charging up to 19.2 kW in North America and 22 kW in Europe (though vehicle charging at 11.5 kW requires a high Amperage Charger option on vehicles).
Goal filling
Tesla Destination's filling network is a business network that has Tesla Wall Connectors installed. These units are provided for business by Tesla for free or at great discounts, even though the business is responsible for the cost of electricity. Starting April 2017, more than 5,000 companies participate in the program, and Tesla plans to increase that amount to 15,000 by the end of 2017. Not all destination chargers are available to the public, as some businesses limit them to customers or residents only.
The Tesla vehicle can also utilize a common charging station using SAE J1772, Type 2, and CHAdeMO charging standards via an adapter. SAE J1772 and Type 2 adapters are included in the appropriate region, while the CHAdeMO adapter is available for purchase.
Tesla Superchargers
In 2012, Tesla began building a network of 480 volt charging stations, called Tesla Superchargers, to facilitate long-haul travel. In June 2017, 861 Supercharger stations, with 5,655 chargers, operate around the world, and Tesla plans to have 10,000 other chargers installed by the end of 2017. The Tesla network can only be used by Tesla vehicles, designed for compatibility.
Supercharger is an exclusive DC-exclusive charging station that provides power up to 145 kW, delivering 85 kWh of additional vehicles 180 m (290 km) out of range in about 15-30 minutes. A longer 60-kWh model might reduce the charging rate.
Along the West Coast corridor, Superchargers network access is aided by a solar carport system (some including several hundred kWh batteries) provided by SolarCity. All Tesla Supercharger stations were originally planned to be assisted by solar power.
Supercharging hardware is standard on all vehicles sold by Tesla, except the original Roadster. In November 2013, Tesla reported that 90% of its customers have chosen supercharging capabilities. Starting April 2016, there are more than 620 Supercharger operators worldwide. Elon Musk said at the opening of Model 3 that the number would double by the end of 2017.
Tesla built the Tesla 120Ã, kW supercharger station to enable long distance travel in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Supercharger can add up to 125 miles (201Ã, km) range in 20 minutes and full charge in about an hour assuming the battery 85 kWh is almost empty.
The hardware and use of supercharging is included in all Model S cars except for the 60 kWh model whose supercharging is off by the software; the customer must pay an additional fee to activate supercharging.
The first Supercharger corridor opened in October 2012, with six stations stationed along the route connecting San Francisco, Lake Tahoe, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas. The second corridor opened in December 2012 linking Washington, D.C., New York City, and Boston; it includes three stations located on the highway rest area in Delaware and Connecticut.
The first Tesla Superchargers in Europe opened in Norway in August 2013. Tesla which focuses on Germany and the Netherlands closes in mid-2014. Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Denmark and Luxembourg are closed by the end of 2014. The station is planned to be within 200 miles (320 km) 90% of the population is in France, England, Wales and Sweden by the end of 2014.
Battery exchange
Tesla designed the Model S to allow rapid battery exchange, which also facilitates vehicle assembly. At the Tesla demonstration shows a battery-exchange operation that takes about 90 seconds, about half the time it takes to refill an empty fuel tank. In June 2013, Tesla announced plans to deploy Tesla station, with facilities to support battery swaps, although by June 2015 Tesla said that it is unlikely that more battery exchange stations will be added. Battery exchange is planned to be deployed along Interstate 5 in California between San Francisco to Los Angeles, followed by the Washington, D.C. corridor. to Boston. Each station swapping costs US $ 500.000 and stocks about 50 batteries. Owners can take their original fully charged battery on the return trip, which is included in the swap fee.
The only Tesla battery exchange station is located at Harris Ranch near Selma, California, and is available for testing by the end of December 2014. In 2015, Tesla says they have hundreds of cars in battery exchange programs, although some owners are interested in using the service. In June 2015, Tesla said that it is unlikely that more battery exchange stations will be added due to lack of demand for exchanges.
Issue
Tesla allocated the first 1,000 units for the limited edition Signature and Signature Performance edition configurations, equipped with a 85 kWh battery. Tesla does not make convertible Model S.
A Model S specifically designed for Marine Conservation in collaboration with Obscura Digital, and is used to project an image of endangered animals to help educate the public about the ongoing Holocene mass extinction, as shown in the 2015 Rally Extinction documentary .
Sales and market
Global
Tesla reported 520 bookings for Model S during their first week of availability and by December 2012, a total of 15,000 net bookings (after shipping and cancellation) were received by the end of the year. The special edition Model S Signature Model is sold out before delivery begins in June 2012, and according to Tesla all models are sold out for that year shortly thereafter. A car booked in May 2012 will be delivered from early to mid 2013.
Initially Tesla is expected to achieve global sales of 35,000 units by 2014, but in November 2014 it reduced its sales target to 33,000 units due to a deficit in the production of 2,000 units during the third quarter of 2014. The company expects annual production to increase by more than 50% by 2014 to 35,000 units, and another 50% increase by 2015. Tesla sets targets between 50,000 and 52,000 shipments for Model S and Model X cars by 2015, and sends 50,658 units. Tesla plans to ship 80,000 to 90,000 new Model S and Model X vehicles by 2016.
- 2012
US Shipping starting June 2012. Model shipments of 60 kWh are rescheduled from November 2012 to January/February 2013. A total of 2,650 cars are shipped in North America in 2012.
- 2013
During the first six months of 2013, 10,050 is shipped. The S model was released in Europe in early August 2013, and the first shipments took place in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands, and in November 2013, the Model S was sold in 20 countries.
Sales reached 22,477 units in North America and Europe, exceeding Tesla's yearly sales target of 21,500 units. Global cumulative sales pass the 25,000-unit milestone in December 2013. By the end of 2013, according to Elon Musk, Norway and Switzerland became the company's largest per capita sales market.
- 2014
Retail delivery in China began in April 2014. The right-hand drive model was released in the UK in June 2014, followed by Hong Kong in July 2014 and Japan in September 2014. Deliveries in Australia begin in December 2014.
Global cumulative sales of Model S pass the 50,000-unit mark in October 2014. A total of 31,655 units were sold worldwide by 2014, allowing Model S to rank as the world's second-best second-in-demand plug-in electric vehicle after the Nissan Leaf of that year. In 2014 about 55% of Model S shipments occur in North America, 30% in Europe, and 15% in the Asia-Pacific market.
- 2015
A total of 21,577 units were sold worldwide during the first half of 2015, of which, 11,532 were delivered during the second quarter alone, up about 52% from the same quarter a year earlier. As of June 2015, Model S is sold in 30 countries. A total of 11,597 Model S cars were shipped during the third quarter, up about 49% from the same quarter of 2014. A total of 17,272 S models shipped during the fourth quarter, up 76% over the same quarter a year earlier, and set a new record for the most-delivered cars in one quarter. Global Sales Model S passes 100,000 units of milestone by December 2015, three and a half years after its introduction. A total of 50,446 Model S sedans are sold globally by 2015, making the Model S plug-in world's top-selling electric car by 2015, ahead of Nissan Leaf (about 43,000 units).
By December 2015, a total of 107,228 Model S sedans have been sold worldwide since its introduction, ranking as the second best-selling plug-in car in the world after Nissan Leaf (200,000). The United States continues as the largest market with 63,161 units sold. Norway is listed as the largest overseas market of Model S, with 10,062 new units registered, followed by China with 5,524 units registered through September 2015, and the Netherlands with 4,382 units registered by the end of December 2015.
- 2016
Model S global sales reached 12,420 units during the first quarter of 2016. Sales during the second quarter of 2016 were lower than anticipated by Tesla, with 9,764 Model S cars shipped worldwide during this quarter. Although production rose 20% from the previous quarter, the number of transit vehicles by the end of June 2016 was much higher than expected (5,150 including the Model X car), representing 35.8% of the total number of cars shipped in the quarter (14,402). vehicles including Model X).
Deliveries in the third quarter of 2016 totaled 16,047 units, for the cumulative sales of 38,231 Model S cars during the first nine months of 2016, allowing Model S to rank as the world's top selling plug-in car during this period, just ahead of Nissan Leaf. Global Model S sales went through 150,000 units in November 2016, four years and five months after its introduction, with the largest share, 57%, in the US. With an estimated 12,700 units delivered during the fourth quarter of 2016, sales reached around 50,931 units in 2016, making the Model S the world's best-selling plug-in car for the second year running. The United States has about 29,156 units shipped, followed by China with 6,334, surpassing Norway as the largest overseas market Model S.
In December 2016, about 158,159 Model S cars have been sold worldwide since its introduction, making the Model S the world's top-selling plug-in electric car after the Nissan Leaf (250,000), and ahead of the Volt/Ampera plug-in hybrid family (134,500).
- 2017
Tesla sends the Model S to 200,000 in the fourth quarter of 2017. Approximately 54,715 Model S cars are sold globally by 2017. Of these, an estimated 26,500 are shipped in the United States (48.4%), major markets. After becoming the world's top-selling plug-in car for two consecutive years, the Model S is ranked in 2017 as the world's second best-selling plug-in after the BAIC EC-Series city car, which sold over 78,000 units in China during 2017. As of December 2017, with global shipments of 212,874 units, Tesla Model S continues to occupy second place as the second best-selling plug-in car in the world after Nissan Leaf (300,000).
Sales by country
The following table shows sales per year for the top selling countries by December 2017:
Asia/Pacific
Australia
The first nine units were delivered in Sydney on December 9, 2014. Tesla also opened its first store and service center in St Leonards, and its first Supercharger station in Pyrmont in December 2014. Initially, only two versions were available, 60 and 85. Model S P85D had delivery scheduled to start in June 2015.
By December 2014, a total of 65 Model S cars were registered in New South Wales and only four in Victoria. At the end of March 2015, registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria. Although no sales figures are reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of both countries alone are enough for the Model S to rank as the country's best-selling electric car for the first quarter of 2015, ahead of BMW i3 (46) and Nissan Leaf ( 31).
China
The first shipment was made on April 22, 2014. The Model S has the same standard equipment as the continental European version, but is adapted to provide a larger rear seat because the car is expected to be piloted by the driver. Only two versions with 85 kWh battery available in Chinese market, standard and performance.
China's sales by June 2014 are estimated at between 1,000 and 1,300 units. JLWarren Capital, an equity firm, estimates that about 2,800 Tesla Model S cars have been imported into China by mid-September 2014, but only 432 have received license plates. According to a Tesla spokesman, the main reason for this discrepancy is the registration rules holding back shipments in Shanghai, and Tesla has recently begun sending electric cars to customers who bought them in Shanghai. Second, many Chinese customers have delayed taking ownership of their Model S car while waiting for the government to add Tesla to the list of electric vehicles that are exempt from 8% to 10% purchase tax. By December 2014, Tesla had imported 4,800 Model S cars, but only 2,499 registered vehicles for road use in China.
CEO Tesla expressed disappointment over China's sales, as stocks continued to rise in early 2015. Along with sales increases, Model S sales totaled 2,147 units representing 80% share of imported plug-in hybrids or electric car segments in China for the first half of 2015 Sales reached 3,025 units during the first nine months of 2015, for the cumulative registration of 5,524 units as of September 2015. Tesla's initial sales target for 2015 was 10,000 units. Sales reached 6,334 units in 2016.
Hong Kong
Model S sales began in July 2014. According to Tesla, in June 2015, Hong Kong has the world's highest Tesla supercharger density, with eight stations comprising a total of 36 supercharger kiosks. This infrastructure allows most owners of the Model S to have a supercharger within 20 minutes drive. Sales reached 2,221 units by 2015, and by August 2016 about 80% of the 5,800 EV in Hong Kong was Teslas.
Europe
Retail shipments began in Europe in early August 2013, in Norway, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. The two largest markets for Model S in Europe are Norway and the Netherlands. The Model S, with about 3,900 units sold, expires in 2013 as third best third-best electric car in Europe after Nissan Leaf and Renault Zoe. A total of 8,734 Model S cars are sold in 2014, representing a 15.5% market share of all new electric passenger car sales in Europe, and again allowing Model S to rank as third best-selling third-best electric car in Europe after Leaf and Zoe. Sales accounting during the first nine months of 2014, Model S surpasses the Audi A8, BMW 7 Series and Jaguar XJ, ranked second in the European luxury vehicle segment after the Mercedes-Benz S-Class.
European Model S sales in 2015 reached 15,515 units, second only to Renault Zoe (18727) and ahead of Leaf (15,455). The Model S captures 15.9% of the sales of all European power segments by 2015. Model S topped the European luxury car segment by 2015, ahead of Mercedes-Benz S-Class (14,990), segment leader in previous years. Norway is the largest market by 2015 with 4,039 units sold. Sales of Cumulative S models in Europe reached 28,149 units by the end of 2015.
Czech Republic
A total of 23 units were sold during 2014.
Denmark
During the first full moon on the Danish market, the Model S is the highest selling electric vehicle with 42 units sold. Sales are 112 units in 2013 and 460 in 2014. Model S sales represent 35% of luxury car sales in mid 2014. Model S is tested as a taxi, but high prices and low ranges make the project uneconomical. When the AWD model is announced in Autumn 2014, used Model S is sold quickly at high prices.
In October 2015, the Danish Parliament agreed to stop the tax exemption for electric vehicles, and customers rushed to order Model S before the price increase. It became the most sold car in Denmark in December 2015, with 1,248 cars shipped that month, from 1,573 electric cars sold in December. This is the first time an electric car is the best-selling car in Denmark. The Model S consists of 98% of luxury cars sold in Denmark by 2015. Cumulative sales in the country reached 3,308 units by December 2015, of which, a record of 2,736 units was sold in 2015. Sales plummeted to 78 units in 2016 after the counting out of tax relief state for electric vehicles by the end of 2015.
German
The company announced that in November 2013, the first Tesla Supercharger station will be opened between Munich and Stuttgart, Munich and Zurich, Switzerland, as well as Cologne and Frankfurt. Tesla plans to cover more than 50% of Germany by the end of March 2014, and 100% by the end of 2014. Germany will have the most per capita Superchargers from any country. By the end of 2013 Tesla announced its goal to sell 10,000 Model S in Germany by 2015.
Registration totaled 815 units in 2014, representing 2.7% of sales of luxury segments in the country. In November 2015, cumulative registration reached 2,354 units. A total of 1,474 Model S cars are registered in Germany in 2016.
Dutch
The country's first shipment occurred on August 22, 2013, at the European Distribution Center Tesla in Tilburg. A total of 1,194 units were sold in 2013. Following the end of registration tax exemption, sales dropped significantly, and only 262 units were sold during the first four months of 2014. In April 2014, Schiphol Group announced that three companies were selected to provide electric taxi services at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. The concession begins on June 1, 2014 and services are provided with 100 Tesla Model S cars, which are connected to electric buses and hybrid cars already operating at the airport.
Sales in 2015 totaled 1,805 units, and decreased to 1,693 by 2016. In October 2016, the combined registrations of Model S (5,681) and Model X (250) represented 48.6% of 12,196 electric cars on Dutch roads by the end of that month. The Model S remains as the best-selling all-time electric car in the Netherlands with 6,049 registered cars by the end of December 2016.
Norway
The first shipment of the Model S in Europe took place in Oslo on August 7, 2013. At the end of August 2013, the first six European filling stations opened, in Lyngdal, Aurland, DombÃÆ' ¥ s, Gol, Sundebru, and Lillehammer. The month was 186 units shipped, ranks second among all electric cars behind Nissan Leaf (448 units). Sales jumped in September by 616 units, beating Leaf and achieving a whole new car market share of 5.1%.
In 2013, a five-month wait list appears to create a used market. Sales fell to 98 units in October, before jumping back to 527 units in November, ranking it number two in new car registrations after Volkswagen Golf. In December, sales of 553 units made it the best-selling new car again and grabbed 4.9% market share of new car sales. With less than five months of sales, Model S ranked 20th for the year with a market share of 1.4% of Norway's newest car sales, Europe's largest Tesla.
Model S ranked in the monthly sales position for the third time in March 2014, with 1,493 units sold, breaking the monthly sales record of 28 years, more than Ford Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986. Sales totaled 2,056 Model S cars during the first quarter of 2014, S new best-selling car in Norway during this period. The Model S captures a market share of 5.6% of new car sales and 38.8% of the new plug-in electric car segment during this quarter. At the end of 2014, Model S ranked fifth as the fifth best-selling new car in the Norwegian market, with 4,040 units registered and a market share of 2.8% of new car sales in that country that year.
In July 2014, Norway was ranked as Tesla's largest overseas market, with an average of 436 Model S sedans sold per month since August 2013. For comparison, the average in the United States is about 1,630 units shipped per month since the electric car drove. sales in 2012. In December 2015, Norway continued to be the second largest S Model market by volume, with approximately 9.4% of cumulative global sales. After a stagnant year of 4,000 plus shipments for 2015, Tesla shipments fell 54% in the first quarter and 52% in the second quarter of 2016 in Norway. The registration of Tesla Model S in Norway amounts to 2,051 new units by 2016 and 3,712 by 2017. Since its introduction, a total of 15,825 new Model S cars have been registered in Norway until December 2017.
Switzerland
Retail shipments begin in August 2013, and a total of 213 units are registered in 2013. Model S, with 496 units registered, ranks as the country's top selling plug-in sales car by 2014. With 835 units sold during the first seven months of 2015 , The Model S surpassed Swiss sales from the luxury segment including models such as Mercedes S-Class, Audi A8 and BMW 7 Series during the same period. Sales of the Cumulative S Model reached 3,060 units by June 2016, which includes units sold in Liechtenstein.
United Kingdom
Deliveries begin in June 2014, and a total of 698 units are registered in the UK by the end of 2014. S Model owners are also exempt from London congestion charges. During the first half of 2016, a few more Model S cars were registered in the UK than in Norway, Europe's largest Model S market. During the first six months of 2016, a total of 1,263 Model S sedans were registered in the UK and 1,248 in Norway. A total of 3,907 Model S sedans have been registered in the UK in late September 2016.
North America
Canada
The first Model S sedan was launched in December 2012. Cumulative sales reached 3,590 units in December 2015, and ranks second as the country's top-selling plug-in car after the Chevrolet Volt (5,415) and ahead of Nissan Leaf (3,198). The Model S is the best-selling plug-in electric car in Canada by 2015 with 2,010 units sold.
Mexico
Retail sales begin in Mexico City in December 2015. Initially, no Supercharger stations are available in the country.
United States
The first shipment took place on June 1, 2012. Shipping for retail customers in the United States began on June 22, at a special event held at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. The first 1,000 production units are a limited edition Signature and Signature Performance equipped with a battery capacity of 85 kWh. Cumulative sales exceeded 50,000 units of milestone in early July 2015.
About 2,620 units were sold in the US during 2012 of 2,650 units shipped in North America. California is the largest American regional market for Model S. On March 2
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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