toys are items used in the game, especially those designed for such use. Playing with toys can be a fun way to train small children to live in the community. Different materials such as wood, clay, paper, and plastic are used to make toys. Many items are designed to be toys, but goods produced for other purposes can also be used. For example, a small child can fold a piece of plain paper into an airplane and "fly it". Newer forms of toys include interactive digital entertainment. Some toys are produced primarily as collectors and are intended for display only.
The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing babies, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are easy to find on archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. Toys are mainly made for children. The oldest known toy doll is estimated to be 4,000 years old.
Playing with toys is important when growing and learning about the world around us. Younger children use toys to find their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and train the skills they will need as adults. Adults sometimes use toys to form and strengthen social ties, teach, aid in therapy, and to remember and reinforce lessons from their youth.
Video Toy
History
Most children have been said to play with anything they can find, such as sticks and stones. Toys and games have been unearthed from the sites of ancient civilizations. They have been written in some of the oldest literature. Toys excavated from the Indus valley civilization (3010-1500 BC) include small carts, bird-shaped whistles, and monkey toys that can slide down the rope.
The earliest toys are made from materials found in nature, such as rocks, sticks, and clay. Thousands of years ago, Egyptian children played with dolls that had wigs and moving legs made of stone, pottery, and wood. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, children played with dolls made of candles or terracotta, sticks, bows and arrows, and yo-yos. When Greek children, especially girls, adults, it is common for them to sacrifice their childhood toys to the gods. On the night of their wedding, young girls around fourteen will offer their puppets at the temple as a ritual journey into adulthood.
The oldest known mechanical puzzles were also from Greece and appeared in the 3rd century BC. The game consists of squares divided into 14 sections, and the goal is to create various shapes from these pieces. In Iran the "puzzle-lock" was made as early as the 17th century (AD).
The era of enlightenment
Toys become more widespread with changes in attitudes toward children created by the Enlightenment. Children begin to be seen as people in and of themselves, as opposed to the expansion of their homes and that they have the right to grow and enjoy their childhood. The variety and number of toys produced during the 18th century continued to increase; John Spilsbury invented the first jigsaw puzzle in 1767 to help children learn geography. He created the puzzle on eight themes - World, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, England and Wales, Ireland and Scotland. The rocking horse (in rocker arc) was developed at the same time in England, especially with the rich because it was considered to develop the balance of the children to ride the original horse.
Blowing bubbles from the remains of laundry soap became a popular pastime, as shown in The Soap Bubble (1739) by Jean-Baptiste-Simà ©  © in Chardin. Other popular toys include circles, toy cars, kites, spinning wheels, and dolls. The first board game was produced by John Jefferys in the 1750s, including A Journey Through Europe . This game is very similar to modern board games; players move along the path with the dice throw (teetotum actually used) and landing in different spaces will help or deter players.
In the nineteenth century, emphasis was placed on toys that had educational goals for them, such as puzzles, books, cards, and board games. Religious-themed toys are also popular, including Noah's Ark models with miniature animals and objects from other Biblical scenes. With the growth of prosperity among the middle class, children have more free time in their hands, leading to the adoption of industrial methods for toy manufacturing.
More complex mechanical and optical-based toys are also found. Carpenter and Westley began mass-producing kaleidoscopes, discovered by Sir David Brewster in 1817, and have sold over 200,000 items in three months in London and Paris. The company is also capable of producing massive magic lanterns for use in fantasia and galanty shows, by developing mass production methods using the copper plate printing process. Popular imagery in lanterns including royalty, flora and fauna, and geographical/man-made structures from around the world. The modern Zoetrope was discovered in 1833 by British mathematician William George Horner and popularized in the 1860s. Wooden and porcelain dolls in miniature dollhouses are popular among middle-class girls, while boys play with carts of marbles and toys.
Mass market
The golden age of toy development is at the turn of the 20th century. Real wages continue to rise in the Western world, allowing even working-class families to buy toys for their children, and engineering precision engineering and mass production industries are able to provide supply to meet this rising demand. The intellectual emphasis is also increasingly placed on the importance of a healthy and happy lifetime for the future development of children. William Harbutt, a British painter, invented plastisin in 1897, and in 1900 the commercial production of the material as a children's toy began. Frank Hornby is a visionary in the development and manufacture of toys and is responsible for the discovery and production of the three most popular types of toys based on 20th century engineering principles: Meccano, Hornby Train Model, and Dinky Toys.
Meccano is a model construction system consisting of reusable metal strips, plates, girder beams, wheels, axles and gears, with nuts and bolts for connecting pieces and allowing the construction of work models and mechanical devices. Dinky Toys pioneered the manufacture of die-cast toys with the production of toy cars, trains and boats and train model sets became popular in the 1920s. The British company revolutionized the production of the toy army with the invention of the hollow casting process in lead in 1893 - the company's products have remained the industry standard for years.
The puzzle becomes very fashionable as well. In 1893, British lawyer Angelo John Lewis, writing under the pseudonym of Professor Hoffman, wrote a book entitled "Puzzles Old and New". It contained, among other things, over 40 descriptive riddles with a secret opening mechanism. This book grew into a reference work for puzzle games and was very popular at the time. The Tangram puzzle, originally from China, spread to Europe and America in the 19th century.
During the Second World War, several new types of toys were created through unintentional innovation. After trying to make a synthetic rubber replacement, American Earl L. Warrick accidentally created "putty nuts" during World War II. Later, Peter Hodgson recognized that potential as a childhood toy and packed it as Silly Putty. Similarly, Play-Doh was originally created as a wallpaper cleaner. In 1943, Richard James experimented with springs as part of his military research when he saw someone loose and fall to the floor. He was interested in how to throw himself on the floor. He spent two years perfecting the design to find the best gauges of steel and winding; the result is Slinky, which is then sold in stores across the United States.
After the Second World War, communities became more and more prosperous and new technologies and materials (plastics) for toy making became available, toys became cheap and widespread in homes throughout the Western World. Among the more famous products of the 1950s there was a line of Danish companies consisting of the construction of colorful plastic bricks, Rubik's Cube, Mr. Potato Head, Barbie doll and Action Man. Currently there are computer dolls that can recognize and identify objects, the sound of their owners, and choose among hundreds of pre-programmed phrases to respond. The material made by the toys has changed, what toys have done has changed, but the fact that children play with toys yet.
Maps Toy
Culture
Children's play action with toys embodies the values ​​set by adults of their particular community, but through the perspective of children's perspective. In cultural societies, toys are a medium to enhance cognitive, social, and linguistic learning of children.
In some cultures, people use toys as a way of improving children's skills within the traditional boundaries of their future roles in society. In the culture of Sahara and North Africa, games are facilitated by children through the use of toys to create recognizable scenes in their communities such as hunting and herding. Values ​​are placed in a realistic development version in preparing a child for a future they are likely to develop. This allows the child to imagine and create personal interpretations of how they perceive the adult world.
However, in other cultures, toys are used to expand the development of child cognition in an idealistic way. In this community, adults place the value of playing with toys to be the aspirations they set for their child. In Western culture, Barbie and Action-Man represent a living human figure but in an imaginative state beyond the reach of the children's and adults's society. These toys give way to a unique world where children's games are isolated and independent of social restrictions placed on society, allowing children to explore the imaginary and idealized versions of what their life is about.
In addition, children from different communities can treat their toys in different ways based on their cultural practices. Children in richer communities may tend to have their own toys, while children from poorer communities may be more willing to share and interact more with other children. The importance of the position of the child to ownership is determined by the values ​​that are in the community observed by the children on a daily basis.
Child development
Toys, like playing alone, serve many purposes in both humans and animals. They provide entertainment while fulfilling the role of education. Toys improve cognitive behavior and stimulate creativity. They assist in the development of the necessary physical and mental skills later on.
One of the simplest toys, a set of simple wooden blocks is also one of the best toys to develop the mind. Andrew Witkin, marketing director for Mega Brands told Investor's Business Daily that, "They help develop eye-hand, math, and science coordination skills and let children be creative." Other toys such as marbles, jackstones, and balls serve the same function in child development, allowing children to use their minds and bodies to learn about spatial relationships, causes and effects, and other skills.
One example of the dramatic ways that a toy can affect a child's development involves clay-clay toys like Play-Doh and Silly Putty and their artificial counterparts. Mary Ucci, Director of Education for the Center for Child Study from Wellesley College, has shown how such toys have a positive impact on the physical development, cognitive development, emotional development, and social development of children.
Toys for babies often use distinctive sounds, vibrant colors, and unique textures. Through playing with toys, babies begin to recognize shapes and colors. Repetition strengthens the memory. Play-Doh, Silly Putty, and other materials allow children to create their own toys.
Educational toys for school-aged children often contain puzzles, problem-solving techniques, or mathematical propositions. Often toys designed for older audiences, such as teenagers or adults, show advanced concepts. Cradle Newton, a table toy designed by Simon Prebble, demonstrates the preservation of momentum and energy.
Not all toys are appropriate for all ages of children. Even some toys that are marketed for a certain age range may even endanger the development of children in that range.
Gender
Certain toys, such as Barbie dolls and toy soldiers, are often considered more acceptable for one gender than others. The turning point for the addition of gender to toys emerged around the 1960s and 1970s. Before 1975, only about two percent of the toys were labeled by gender, while today on the Disney store website, regarded as a dominating global force for toys by researcher Claire Miller, all toys are labeled by sex. The Journal of Sex Roles began publishing research on this topic in 1975, focusing on gender effects in youth. Too many psychological textbooks start discussing this new issue. Along with this publication, researchers have also begun to challenge male and female ideas as opposed to, even going so far as to claim toys that have the characteristics of both gender preferred.
A milestone for research on gender is the use of meta-analysis, which provides a way to assess patterns in a systematic way, which is highly relevant to a topic such as gender, which can be difficult to measure. Nature and parenting have historically been analyzed when viewing gender in play, as well as strengthening by peers and parents of distinctive gender roles and consequently, playing gender. Toy companies often promote gender-based separation in toys because it allows them to match the same toys for each sex, which ultimately doubles their income. For example, Lego added more color to certain toy sets in the 1990s, including colors commonly associated with women such as lavender.
It has been noted by researchers that, "18-month-olds showcase the choice of sex stereotypical toys". When eye movements are tracked in young infants, female infants show a visual preference for dolls on toy trucks (d & gt; 1.0). The boys do not show a preference for the truck over the doll. However, they are fixated on trucks more than girls (d =.78). This small study shows that even before self-awareness of gender identity has emerged, children have preferred sex-specific toys. The differences in toy selection have been well defined by children at age three.
Another study conducted by Jeffrey Trawick-Smith took 60 different children aged three to four years and watched them play with nine different toys that were considered the best for development. They are allowed to play with toys in a typical environment, a preschool classroom, which allows the results to be more authentic than the research done in the laboratory. The researchers then measured the quality of children's play with each toy based on factors such as learning, problem solving, curiosity, creativity, imagination, and peer interactions. The results revealed that boys generally receive higher scores for overall play quality than girls, and toys with the best game quality are identified as being the most gender-neutral, such as blocks and bricks as well as modeling pieces of people. Trawick-Smith then concludes that this study encourages a focus on toys that benefit both sexes to create a better balance.
While some parents promote gender-neutral games, many parents encourage their sons and daughters to participate in sexually typed activities, including playing puppets and engaging in housekeeping for girls and playing by trucks and engaging in sports activities for boys. Researcher Susan Witt says that parents are the main influencers of their children's gender roles. Parents, siblings, peers, and even teachers have been shown to react more positively to children involved in typical sex behaviors and play with typical toys. This is often done through encouragement or despair, as well as advice and imitation. In addition, boys are more likely to be reinforced to play sex-typical and discouraged from atypical play. However, it is generally not considered low for women to play with toys designed for "boys", an activity that has also become more common in recent years. Dad is also more likely to strengthen the typical game and prevent atypical play than the mother. A study conducted by researcher Susan Witt shows that stereotypes are often only reinforced by the environment, which perpetuates them to survive in old age.
The stereotypical attribution of these typical toys for girls and boys is gradually changing, with toy companies creating more gender-neutral toys, because the benefits associated with allowing children to play with toys that appeal to them far exceed those controlling their individual preferences. For example, many stores are beginning to change their gender labels on children's play items. The target removed all gender-related identification from their toy alley and Disney did the same for their costumes. The Disney store is a common example of gender in games because they are a global identity in the world of toys. A study conducted on their website found that although they have removed the gender label from their costumes, online toys reflect a more stereotyped gender identity. For example, men are associated with physical and female relationships associated with beauty, housing, and caring. Also, although they are promoting their toys as for both sexes, there is no section for boys and girls combined on their website. Those who are generally regarded for both sexes are more similar to what many label "boys toys," because they relate more closely to the stereotype of masculinity in play.
Traditions in different cultures promote the decline of certain toys to their children based on the sex of the child. In South American Indian communities, boys receive toy bows and arrows from their fathers while young girls receive toy baskets from their mothers. In North African and Saharan cultural communities, gender plays a role in the creation of homemade dolls. While female dolls are used to represent bride, mother, and wife, male dolls are used to represent horsemen and warriors. This distinction comes from the various roles of men and women in the Sahara and North African communities. There are differences in toys that are aimed at girls and boys in different cultures, reflecting the different roles of men and women within a particular cultural community.
Research on the impact of gender in toys suggests that play should be encouraged to be more gender-neutral in order to work towards gender desegregation. Also, researchers Carol Auster and Claire Mansbach promote that letting children play with toys closer to their talents will help them to develop their skills better. In terms of parental influence, a study found that parents who demonstrated some androgynous behaviors had higher scores in terms of support, warmth, and self-esteem in terms of care for their children. Even as the debate develops and children become more likely to cross gender barriers to their toys, girls are usually more inclined to do so than boys because of the social value of masculinity.
Economy
With toys consisting of a large and important part of human existence, it makes sense that the toy industry will have a huge economic impact. Toy sales often increase around holidays where gift giving is a tradition. Some of these vacations include Christmas, Easter, St. Nicholas Day, and Three Kings Day.
In 2005, toy sales in the United States reached about $ 22.9 billion. The money spent on children between the ages of 8 and 12 years alone totals about $ 221 million per year in the US. It is estimated that in 2011, 88% of toys sales were in the 0-11 year age group.
Toy companies change and customize their toys to meet the changing demands of children so as to gain greater market share. In recent years many toys have become more complicated with lights and blinking sounds in an attempt to attract children who grew up around television and internet. According to Mattel president Neil Friedman, "Innovation is key in the toy industry and to achieve success one has to create a 'wow' moment for children by designing toys that have fun, innovative features and include new technology and engaging content.
In an effort to reduce costs, many mass toy manufacturers find their factories in areas where wages are lower. China produces about 70 percent of the world's toys and is home to more than 8,000 toy companies, most of which are located in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong Province. 75% of all toys sold in the US, for example, are manufactured in China. Problems and events such as power outages, raw material supplies, labor supply, and wage increases that impact on areas where factories are located often have a major impact on the toy industry in importing countries.
Many traditional toy makers have lost sales to video game makers for years. Therefore, some traditional toy makers have entered the field of electronic games and even turn the audio game into toys, and enhance their brands by introducing interactive extensions or internet connectivity to their current toys.
In addition, the increased distributed manufacturing allows consumers to create their own toys from open source design with 3-D printers. By 2017, consumers have offset 10 million dollars per year by printing their own 3D toys from MyMiniFactory, a single repository.
Type
Set construction
The Greek philosopher Plato wrote that future architects must play in the house building as a child. A set of constructs is a collection of separate pieces that can be put together to create a model. Popular models to be made include cars, spacecraft, and homes. The things that are built are sometimes used as toys after completion, but in general, the goal is to build things from their own designs, and old models are often broken down and pieces are reused in new models.
The oldest and probably most common construction toy is a set of simple wooden blocks, often painted in bright colors and given to babies and toddlers. Construction sets like Lego bricks and Lincoln Logs are designed for slightly older kids and have been quite popular in the last century. The construction set appeals to children (and adults) who love to work with their hands, puzzle-breakers, and imaginative types.
Some other examples include Bayko, Construct-Tubes, K'Nex, Set Erector, Tinkertoys, and Meccano, and generic construction toys such as Neodymium magnetic toys.
Dolls and miniatures
Dolls are human models (often babies), humanoid (such as Bert and Ernie), or animals. Modern dolls are often made of cloth or plastic. Other ingredients that have been or have been used in the making of dolls include cornhusk, bone, stone, wood, porcelain (sometimes called china), bisque, celluloid, candle, and even apple. Often people will make dolls of whatever material is available to them.
Sometimes intended as decorations, mementos, or collectibles for children and adults, most of the puppets are intended as toys for children, usually girls, to play with. The dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs dated to as early as 2000 BC.
Dolls are usually miniature, but baby dolls may have the correct size and weight. Stuffed puppets or dolls of soft material are sometimes called plush toys or plushies. This popular toy is Teddy Bear.
Differences are often made between dolls and action figures, which are generally of plastic or semi-metallic construction and can be inflicted to some extent, and are often merchandise from television shows or movies that feature characters. Modern action figures, such as Action Man, are often marketed to boys, while dolls are often marketed to girls.
The toy warrior, perhaps the forerunner of the modern action figure, has been a popular toy for centuries. They allow children to fight, often with toy military equipment and fortresses or fortresses. The numbers of miniature animals are also widespread, with children probably acting out of agricultural activities with animals and equipment centering on a toy farm.
Vehicles
The children have been playing with miniature versions of vehicles since ancient times, with two-wheeled toy carts depicted in ancient Greek vases. Wind-up toys also play a role in the advancement of toy vehicles. The modern equivalent includes toy cars such as those produced by Matchbox or Hot Wheels, miniature planes, toy boats, military vehicles, and trains. Examples of the last range of wood sets for younger children such as BRIO for the more elaborate realistic train models such as those produced by Lionel, Doepke and Hornby. The larger die-cast vehicle, 1:18 scale, has become a popular toy; This vehicle is produced with great attention to detail.
Puzzles
puzzles are problems or puzzles that challenge ingenuity. Solutions to puzzles may require recognizing patterns and creating a specific sequence. People with high inductive thinking skills may be better at solving this puzzle than others. Puzzles based on the process of investigation and discovery to be completed can be completed more quickly by those with good deduction skills. A popular puzzle toy is the Rubik's Cube, created by Ern Hungaria? Rubik in 1974. Popularized in the 1980s, solving the cube required planning and problem-solving skills and involved algorithms.
There are many different kinds of puzzles, for example the labyrinth is a kind of travel puzzle. Other categories include; puzzle construction, puzzles, puzzles, transportation puzzles, puzzle outlines, slide puzzles, logic puzzles, picture puzzles, key puzzles and mechanical puzzles.
Collectables
Some toys, such as Beanie Babies, attract many fans, eventually becoming collectibles. Other toys, such as Boyds Bears, are marketed to adults as collectibles. Some people spend large sums of money in an effort to obtain a larger and more complete collection. The record for one Pez dispenser at auction, for example, is US $ 1100.
Promotional items
Many successful movies, television programs, books, and sports teams have official merchandise, often containing related toys. Some notable examples are Star Wars (space fantasy franchise) and Arsenal, the English football club.
Promotional toys can fit into other toy categories; for example, they can be puppets or action figures based on movie characters or professional athletes, or they can be balls, yo-yos, and lunch boxes with logos on it. Sometimes they are provided free of charge as a form of advertising. Aircraft models are often the toys used by airlines to promote their brands, just like toy cars and trucks and train models used by trucks, trains and other companies as well. Many food manufacturers run promotions where toys are included with the main product as a gift. Toys are also used as premiums, where consumers redeem purchases from a product and pay shipping and handling fees for toys. Some people are trying hard to collect this type of promotional toy.
Digital toys
Digital toys are toys that combine several forms of interactive digital technology. Examples of digital toys include virtual pets and handheld electronic games. Among the earliest digital toys are Mattel Auto Race and Little Professor, both released in 1976. The concept of using technology in a way that bridges digital with the physical world, provides a unique interactive experience for users has also been referred to as "Phygital."
Physical activity
Lots of toys that are part of the active game. These include traditional toys such as circles, tops, jump ropes and balls, as well as more modern toys such as Frisbees, footbags, astrojax, and Myachi.
Playing with these toys allows children to exercise, build strong bones and muscles and help in physical fitness. Throwing and catching balls and frisbee can improve hand-eye coordination. Jumping rope, (also known as skipping) and playing with a foot bag can improve balance.
Security rules
Many countries have passed security standards that limit the types of toys that can be sold. Most of this seeks to limit potential hazards, such as choking or fire hazards that can cause injury. Children, especially very small ones, often enter toys into their mouths, so the materials used to make toys are set to prevent poisoning. Materials are also set to prevent fire hazards. Children have not learned to judge what is safe and what is harmful, and parents do not always think about all possible situations, so such warnings and rules are important for toys.
For toy safety, every country has its own rules. But since globalization and market opening, most of them are trying to align their rules. The most common action for younger children is to put toys in their mouths. This is why it is so important to organize the chemicals contained in paintings and other materials made from children's products. Countries or trade zones like the EU regularly publish lists to regulate quantities or ban chemicals from teen toys and products.
There is also a toy safety issue regarding lead paint. Some toy factories, when projects become too big for them to handle, divert production to lesser-known factories, often in other countries. Recently, there are some in China that must be sent America back. Subcontractors may not be closely monitored and sometimes use improper manufacturing methods. The US government, along with mass market stores, is now moving toward requiring companies to ship their products to testing before they end up on shelves.
Disposal
When the toy is too long or no longer desired, reuse is sometimes considered. They can be donated through many charities such as Goodwill Industries and Salvation Army, sold with garage sales, auctioned off, sometimes even donated to museums. However, when the toy is damaged, obsolete or unfit for use, care should be taken when disposing of it. Donated or resold toys should be used gently, cleanly and have all parts. Before disposing of battery operated toys, the battery must be removed and recycled; some communities are demanding this done. Some manufacturers, such as Little Tikes, will take back and recycle their products.
In 2007, massive toy withdrawals produced in China caused many US-based charities to reduce, or even stop, their acceptance of used toys. Good intentions stop receiving any toy donations except stuffed animals, and other charities check all the toys against government-issued checklists.
The WEEE Directive (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), which aims to increase reuse and recycle and reduce electronic waste, applies to toys in the UK on January 2, 2007.
Use of toys in animals
Not infrequently some animals play with toys. An example of this is a dolphin that is trained to nudge the ball through a circle. Young chimpanzees use a stick as a puppet - a social aspect seen by the fact that young women use more sticks in this way than young male chimpanzees. They brought their choice stick and placed it in their nest. Such behavior is also seen in some adult female chimpanzees, but never after they become mothers.
See also
- Girls games and toys
- Battery recycling
- Board Game
- Card game
- List of toys
- List of wooden toys
- National Toy Hall of Fame (United States)
- Toy Museum
- Traditional Mexican handmade toys
References
Further reading
- Kline, Stephen (1995). Out of the Garden: Toys, TV, and Kids Culture in the Marketing Age . Book Verso. ISBNÃ, 1-85984-059-0.
- Walsh, Tim (2005). Eternal Toys: Classic Toys and Playmakers Who Created Them . Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-5571-4.
- Wulffson, Don L. Toys! . Henry Holt and Company. ISBNÃ, 0-8050-6196-7.
External links
- Our Childhood Toys
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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