The Toyota Prius (Japan: ???????) ( ) is a full hybrid electric car developed by Toyota and manufactured by the company since 1997. Originally offered as a sedan 4-door, has been produced only as a 5-door liftback from 2003 to 2015, and then a 5-door fastback since 2016.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) rated the Prius as one of the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States, based on the emission of smoke haze formation. Model year 2018 Prius Eco ranks as the second most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in the US without plug-in capability, following Hyundai Ioniq "Blue".
The Prius was first sold in Japan and other countries in 1997, and is available in all four Toyota Japan dealers, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle. It was then introduced worldwide in 2000. The Prius is sold in over 90 markets, with Japan and the United States becoming its largest market. The increase in global cumulative Prius sales reached a milestone of 1 million vehicle marks in May 2008, 2 million in September 2010, and exceeded 3 million in June 2013. One million cumulative sales were achieved in the US in early April 2011, and Japan hit 1 million mark in August 2011. In January 2017, the Prius liftback is the best selling hybrid car in the world with nearly 4 million units sold.
In 2011, Toyota expanded the Prius family to include the Prius v, extended hatchback, and Prius c, a subcompact hatchback. The production version of the Prius plug-in hybrid was released in 2012. The second generation of plug-in variant, Prius Prime, was released in the US in November 2016. Prime reached the highest mile per gallon equivalent (MPGe) rating in all-electric mode what vehicle also rated by the EPA with internal combustion engine. Global sales of the Prius c exceeded one million mark during the first half of 2015. The Prius family as a whole sold global cumulative sales of 6.1 million units in January 2017, representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997.
Video Toyota Prius
Etymology and terminology
Prius is a Latin word meaning "first", "original", "superior" or "to go before".
In February 2011, Toyota asked the public to decide on the most precise plurals of the Prius, with options including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius or Prius. The company said it would "use the most popular choice in its advertising" and on February 20 announced that "Prii" was the most popular choice, and the new official plural designation.
In Latin prius is a neutral singular form of comparative form ( prior, prior, prius ) adjectives with only comparative and superlative (superlative creatures
Starting September 2011, Toyota USA began using the following names to distinguish the original Prius from some of the more recent members of the Prius family: Prius standard being the Prius Liftback, Prius v (known as Prius? In Japan and Prius in Europe), Prius Plug- in Hybrid, and Prius c (called Toyota Aqua in Japan).
Maps Toyota Prius
First generation (XW10; 1997-2003)
NHW10 (1997-2000)
In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing after a year later. The first Prius, the NHW10 model, went on sale on December 10, 1997. The first generation Prius (NHW10) is only available in Japan, although it has been imported privately to at least the United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand.
The first-generation Prius, at the time of its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid car. In his introduction in 1997, he won the Car Award of the Year, and in 1998, he won the Automotive Researcher and Journalist Award from the Awards of the Year in Japan.
Production began in December 1997 at the Takaoka plant in Toyota, Aichi, ending in February 2000 after the cumulative production of 37,425 vehicles.
The NHW10 styling comes from a California designer, chosen for the competing design of other Toyota design studios.
NHW11 (2000-2003)
The Prius NHW11 (sometimes referred to as "Generation II") is the first Prius sold by Toyota outside Japan, with limited sales starting in 2000 in Asia, America, Europe and Australia. In the United States, the Prius is marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the car is US $ 19.995 . European sales began in September 2000. The official launch of the Prius in Australia occurred in the October 2001 Sydney Motor Show, despite slow sales until the NHW20 (XW20) model arrived. Toyota sells about 123,000 first-generation Prius.
The production of the NHW11 model began in May 2000 at the Motomachi plant in the same area, and continued until the XW10 production ended in June 2003 after 33,411 NHW11 vehicles were manufactured. The vehicle is the second mass-produced hybrid in the American market, after Honda Insight two seats.
The Prius NHW11 is becoming more powerful in part to meet the higher speed and longer distances traveled by Americans. AC and electric power steering are standard equipment. While the larger Prius can sit five, the battery pack limits the cargo space. Prius offered in the US in three packages: Standard, Base, and Touring. US EPA (CARB) classifies cars with an air pollution score of 3 out of 10 as Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV). Prius owners are eligible for a federal tax deduction of US $ 2,000 of their gross income. Toyota executives stated that with the Prius NHW10 model, the company had lost money on every Prius being sold, and with the NHW11 it was now breaking.
Second generation (XW20; 2003-2009)
Presented at the April 2003 International Auto Show, for the 2004 US model year, the Prius was completely redesigned. It became a medium-sized elevator, sized between the Corolla and Camry, with significantly disseminated mechanical and interior space increasing the leg room and rear-seat luggage space. The second generation Prius is more environmentally friendly than the previous model (according to EPA), and 6 inches (150 mm) longer than the previous version. The more aerodynamic Kammback body balances the length and resistance of the wind, resulting in a drag coefficient C d = 0.26. The development effort, led by chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori, caused 530 patents for the vehicle.
Production began in August 2003 at Tsutsumi factory in Toyota, Aichi, plus in October 2004 with Fujimatsu factory in Kariya, Aichi.
Prius uses A/C electric compressor for cooling, industry first. Combined with smaller and lighter NiMH batteries, the XW20 is more powerful and more efficient than XW10. In the US, the 2004 and newer model batteries are warranted for 150,000 miles (240,000 km) or 10 years in states that have adopted tighter California emissions control standards, and 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years elsewhere. The warranty for hybrid components is 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years.
It is classified as SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) and certified by California Air Resources Board as "Advanced Partial Zero Emission Vehicle Technology" (AT-PZEV).
From 2005 to 2009, the second generation Prius has been built by FAW-Toyota in Changchun city for the Chinese market. It was reported that a total of 2,152 Prius were sold in 2006 and 414 in 2007. The relatively low sales were blamed on high prices, about US $ 15,000 higher than equivalent in Japan or the US, caused by high duty on imported parts. In early March 2008, Toyota cut the Prius price by eight percent or US $ 3,000 to CNÃ, Â ¥ 259,800 ( US $ 36,500 ). It is estimated that sales go down as a result of a lack of acceptance and increased competition. The Toyota Prius Hybrid is exported to China from 2007. Toyota sells approximately 1,192,000 seconds of Prius worldwide.
Security
Article 2011 Los Angeles Times states that complaints about the sudden acceleration and rollover of the 2006-09 model have led to a recall. On another issue, the NHTSA database shows that 49% of all customer complaints about this year's model are related to lighting, headlamps or visibility. Of the 216,000 Prius with optional high-intensity headlamps (HID), there are 28,000 warranty repairs from this system. The headlights sometimes die without warning, and in rare cases, the two headlamps will be turned off. There were several injuries but no casualties. Toyota avoids the withdrawal of headlamps by agreeing to the completion of a class action in which the warranty period extends from three years to five years and by agreeing to replace the owner for prior repairs. There is some controversy left over whether the failure is caused by the bulb itself or the computer system that controls it.
The US Highway Traffic Safety Administration National (NHTSA) crash testing of the 2004 US model Prius generates five-star drivers and four-star passenger ratings in a collision frontal test (of five stars). The result of the crash on the side is four of five stars for the front and back seats. This car scored four out of five stars in rollover testing.
The US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety accident tests scored the Prius Good overall in frontal collision and Good as a whole in side impact collisions in models equipped with side airbags. The Poor score is given to the model without side airbags. Side curtain and torso airbags became standard on the 2007 American model.
Third generation (XW30; 2009-2015)
Toyota debuted the new Prius (2010 model year 2010) in January 2009 North American International Auto Show, and sales began in Japan on May 18, 2009. Toyota cut the Prius price from Ã, Â ¥ 2,331 million to Ã, Â ¥ 2.05 million to better compete with Honda Insight, makes some people wonder whether the increase in Prius sales may be sacrificing other vehicle sales by higher margins. Competition from lower-priced hybrids, such as Honda Insight, also makes it difficult for Toyota to capitalize on the success of the Prius. In June 2013, Toyota has sold around 1,688,000 third-generation Prius worldwide.
The new body design is more aerodynamic, with less drag coefficient than C d = 0.25. This figure is disputed by General Motors who found the value for the model with 17-inch wheels to about 0.30 based on tests at GM, Ford, and Chrysler's wind tunnel. Cars & amp; The driver measures the third-generation Prius at 0.26 in a personally arranged five-way wind tunnel test from a comparable car. The rear of the rear body helps stabilize the vehicle at higher speeds. The roof has a special design of double waves to withstand air resistance - but this design does not exist on the sun roof model.
A new front-drive platform sustains the car, although the wheelbase remains unchanged and the overall length grows one centimeter. Heavy-saving Aluminum is used in the hood, rear hatchback, front axle and brake calipers (disc brakes are finally assigned to all four wheels).
In building the Prius, Toyota uses a new range of plant ecological bioplastics, made from cellulose derived from wood or grass instead of petroleum. The two main plants used are kenaf and hemp. Kenaf is a member of the hibiscus family, a relative of cotton and okra; hemp, commonly known as Chinese grass, is a member of the nettle family and one of the strongest natural fibers, with density and absorption comparable to hemp. Toyota says this is a very timely breakthrough for plant-based eco-plastics since 2009 is the International Year of International Unity of Nature, which highlights kenaf and jute among others.
Powertrain
The 1.8 liter gasoline engine (previously 1.5 liters) produces 98 hp (73 kW), and with an additional power the electric motor produces a total of 134 hp (100 kW) (formerly 110 hp or 82 kW). Larger engine displacements allow increased torque, reduced engine speed (RPM), which improves fuel economy at highway speeds. Thanks to its electric water pump, the Prius engine is the first consumer automotive production machine that does not require an accessory belt, which also further enhances its fuel economy. Electric motors and other components of the hybrid powertrain are also smaller and more efficient than the industry average. Toyota estimates new inverters, motors and transaxle 20 percent lighter.
The estimated fuel efficiency rating, using the US EPA combined cycle, is 50 mpg -US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg -imp ). The Prius is the most fuel-efficient car powered by liquid fuels available in the US in 2009, based on official ratings. Only the first generation Honda Insight (2000-2006) is equipped with a manual transmission that achieves a lower level of fuel consumption. The official UK fuel efficiency data for Prius T3 are Urban 72.4 mpg -imp (3.90 L/100 km; 60.3 mpg -US ), Urban Extras 76.4 mpg -imp (3.70Ã, L/100Ã, km; 63.6 mpg -US ), Combined 72.4 mpg -imp (3.90Ã, L/100 km, 60.3 mpg -US ).
Crop level
The high trim levels in the third-generation Prius include features such as the softex trim seat (which looks and feels like a lighter skin), washing machine lights, parking sensors, premium JBL speaker systems and lumbar-operated support adjustments for the driver's seat.
In mid 2011 (for the 2012 model year), the third generation Prius Liftback receives a change of style and simple equipment. Exterior changes include updated headlights, revised taillights, plus distinctive front fascia and bumpers, and the removal of "Super White" color options in the United States. American Prius buyers want a white exterior to choose "Blizzard Pearl" (white metallic color) with an additional $ 220, or choose another model or brand. The Prius can be equipped with the latest infotainment system featuring optional Toyota Entune connectivity features. Other updates include 6.1-inch touchscreen, AM/FM CD player unit, USB port for iPod connectivity, additional input jack, Bluetooth hands-free phone capability, and streaming audio. The Prius also includes an optional solar panel on the roof of the car, solely to turn on the ventilation fan when the car is parked, to keep the interior cooler in sunny conditions.
In the US market, only Prius Two, Three, Four and Five are offered. Advanced Prius Five Model Technology Package includes HDD Premium Navigation System, plus Head-up Display, Dynamic Radar Cruise Control, Pre-Collision System and Lane Keep Assist. The Pre-Collision system removes the front seatbelts and applies the brakes under certain conditions when determining that accidents are unavoidable. Lane Keep Assist helps drivers stay on track. The 2012 US year model includes the Toyota Vehicle Notification System (VPNS), which emits an artificial engine sound to warn pedestrians, blind people, and others of vehicle presence due to significant noise reduction typical of hybrid vehicles driving at low speeds at all mode-electric.
Midyear 2015, Toyota released the Persona Series in two colors, Blizzard White (extra $ 220) and Absolutely Red. This model is Model 3 with upgrades: black imitation leather seats, black floor mats and side panels, side heated mirrors with turning indicators, flaming legs, and dark metal finishing five 17-inch wheels with 215/45/17 tires.
Awards
In its introduction in 2009, he won the Car Award of the Year for the second time. In December 2013, Consumer Reports named the Prius as "Best Value", for the second year in a row.
Fourth_generation_.28XW50.3B_2015.E2.80.93present.29 "> The fourth generation (XW50; 2015-present)
The fourth-generation Prius was first shown during September 2015 in Las Vegas, and released for retail customers in Japan in December 2015. Launches in the North American market occurred in January 2016, and February in Europe. Toyota is expected to sell 12,000 fourth-generation Prius cars a month in Japan, and to achieve annual sales between 300,000 and 350,000 units.
In August 2013, Toyota Managing Officer Satoshi Ogiso, who is chief engineer for the Prius line, announces some major improvements and features of the next-generation Prius. The next Prius is the first vehicle to use Toyota's New Global Architecture (TNGA) modular platform, which provides a lower center of gravity and enhances structural rigidity. These features, along with other improvements allow for the benefits of driving, agility, and aerodynamics. Improved aerodynamics contribute to the new exterior design, which includes a more spacious interior. Ogiso also explained that the Prius plug-in hybrid generation, Prius Prime, was developed in parallel with the standard Prius model.
The fourth-generation Prius is 2.4 in (6.1 cm) longer, 0.6 in (1.5 cm) wider and 0.8 inches (2.0 cm) lower; in the wake of an independent double wishbone suspension replacing its predecessor's torsion. The front uses standard LED headlamps. Toyota has claimed that it has a drag coefficient C d = 0 , 24, better than the 0.25 claimed for the third-generation model, and the same as the Tesla Model S. America. A rear hitch option is available in the UK up to 725 kg (1,600 pounds).
The fourth generation Prius has sparked controversy over the style and cohesion of its exterior design, with analysis from critics who argue that headlights that are too angular and unnecessary folds in bodywork have created a haphazard design, falling into the trap of equating aggressiveness with sportiness.
Powertrain
The fourth-generation Prius is designed to deliver significant fuel savings in a more compact package that is lighter and lower cost. These goals are achieved through the development of a new generation of powertrains with significant advances in batteries, electric motors and gasoline engine technology. It features enhanced batteries with higher energy density; a smaller electric motor, with a higher power density than previous Prius motors; and the gasoline engine has a thermal efficiency of more than 40% (of the third generation Prius is 38.5%). Prius fuel economy has risen on average by about 10% every generation, and Toyota has set a challenge to continue improving at this level.
Under Japan's JC08 cycle test, Toyota expects the fourth-generation Prius to achieve a fuel economy rating of 40.8 km/l (115 mpg -imp ; 96 mpg -US ). The 2016 model Prius has an official EPA fuel economy rating of 54 mpg -US (4.4 L/100 km; 65 mpg -imp ) for the city, 50 mpg < sub> -US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg -imp ) for highways, and 52 mpg -US (4.5 L/100 km); 62 mpg -imp ) for combined driving. The new Eco version is available in the middle trim two-trim level, which has a lithium-ion battery, has an official EPA rating of 58 mpg -US (4.1Ã, L/100Ã, km; 70 mpg -imp ) city, 53 mpg -US (4.4Ã, L/100Ã, km; 64Ã, mpg -imp ) highway, and 56 mpg < sub> -US (4.2Ã, L/100Ã, km; 67Ã,mpg -imp ) are merged. This increase in efficiency is largely due to the reduced weight of the Eco, which has lighter batteries and does not carry spare tires.
In terms of fuel economy, the Prius Eco 2016 with a combined highway/city economy of 56 mpg -US (4.2Ã, L/100Ã, km; 67 mpg -imp ) , passed the 2000 first generation Honda Insight 53 mpg -US (4.4Ã, L/100Ã, km; 64 mpg -imp ) as the most fuel-efficient car available in the US without plug-in capability. However, Honda Insight still achieved a highway rating of 61 mpg -US (3.9 L/100 km; 73 mpg -imp ), which is higher than the Prius highway rating of 53 mpg -US (4.4 L/100 km; 64 mpg -imp ). In March 2016, only three hybrid plug-in models available on the market have a combined fuel economy higher than the Prius Eco in terms of their combined EV/hybrid fuel economy, the BMW i3 REx (88 MPG-e), the Chevrolet Volt (77 MPG-e), and the first generation Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (56 MPG-e).
Prius Family
Prius Plug-in Hybrid
The Prius Plug-in Hybrid (ZVW35) is based on a conventional third generation (ZVW30) with a 4.4-kWh lithium-ion battery that enables all the 23 km (14.3 mi) power range. A global demonstration program involving 600 pre-production test cars began in late 2009 and takes place in Japan, Europe, Canada, China, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.
The production version was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show September 2011. Deliveries began in Japan in late January 2012, followed by a limited launch in the US in late February. Deliveries begin in Europe in June 2012 and in the UK in August 2012. During the first year on the market, global sales reached 27,181 Prius PHV, making the Prius PHV as the second plug-top electric car sales in 2012 after the Chevrolet Volt. Prius production The first generation plug-in hybrid ends in June 2015. In April 2016, Prius PHV cumulative first generation sales totaled 75,400 units shipped worldwide since 2012. The United States leads sales with 42,345 units shipped through September 2016, followed by Japan with 22,100 units, and Europe with 10,600 units, both up to January 2017. By the end of 2016, the Prius plug-in comes in as the world's third top plug-in after selling plug-in hybrids after the Volt/Ampera family, and Mitsubishi Outlander P -HEV.
- Prius Prime
The second generation Prius plug-in, called Toyota Prius Prime in the US and Prius PHV in Japan, was developed in parallel with the standard fourth-generation Prius model (XW50) released in December 2015. The model was released for retail customers in the US. in November 2016, followed by Japan in February 2017. In the American market, unlike the first generation model, the Prius Prime will be available in all 50 states. The cumulative global sales of second-generation plug-in Prius amounted to 79,300 units by the end of January 2017. The US is the top selling market, with 46,133 units sold since its inception to January 2017, where, 3,788 units are second-generation Prius Prime cars.
Prime has an all-electric all-electric range of 25 mi (40 km), more than twice the range of the first generation model, and EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg-e (25.9 kW? H/100 mi) in all-electric mode (EV mode), the highest MPGe rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA with internal combustion engine. Among all electric cars, only Hyundai Ioniq Electric has higher energy efficiency, rated at 136 mpg-e (25.3 kW? H/100 mi; 15.7 kW? H/100 km).
Unlike its predecessor, Prime fully uses electricity in charge-depleting mode (EV mode). Toyota targets fuel economy in hybrid mode to be the same or better than the usual fourth-generation Prius liftback. Prius Prime has a combined EPA-rated fuel economy in hybrid mode 54 mpg -US (4.4 L/100 km; 65 mpg -imp ), 55 mpg -US (4.3 L/100 km; 66 mpg -imp ) in city driving, and 53 mpg -US (4.4 L/100 km; 64 mpg -imp ) on the highway. Only the Prius Eco has a higher EPA fuel economy rating in hybrid mode. Model year 2017 Prime has a different exterior design than the fourth-generation Prius. Interior design is also different. Prime has a four-seat cabin layout, as Toyota decided to increase the efficiency of the car to achieve its design goals.
Prius v
At the 2011 North American International Automotive Exhibition 2011, Toyota revealed the 2012 model of the Prius v , an extended hatchback cart, derived from the third-generation Prius and has more than 50 percent interior cargo space over original Prius design.
In May 2011 Toyota introduced the Prius? (alpha) in Japan, available in five-seat, two-row and seven-seater models, three-row models, the last third line is powered by a space-saving lithium-ion battery in the center console. The five-seat model uses NiMH batteries. The Alpha is the base for the five-seat Prius v which was launched in North America in October 2011 with a nickel metal hydride battery package similar to the 2010 model of the Prius, and with two rows of seats to accommodate five passengers. European and Japanese versions are offered with lithium-ion batteries, with three rows of seats with accommodation for seven passengers. However, the seat of seven passengers in the Prius v is not available on the North American Prius v model. The European version, named Prius (plus), began shipping in June 2012. Global sales totaled 671,200 units in January 2017. Japan is a leading market with 446,400 units sold, followed by North America with 173,100 units, and Europe with 43,800, all until January 2017.
Prius c
Toyota launched the Prius c concept at the International Auto Show in January 2011 in North America. Prius c has a lower selling price and smaller than previous Prius hatchback. Production version was introduced at Tokyo Motor Show 2011 as Toyota Aqua, and launched in Japan in December 2011. Prius c released in US and Canada in March 2012, and in April 2012 in Australia and New Zealand. Prius c is not available in Europe, where instead, Toyota sells Toyota Yaris Hybrid since June 2012. Prius c and Yaris Hybrid share the same powertrain. Aqua is ranked as the second best-selling car in Japan in 2012 after the Prius brand, as Toyota reports alongside its conventional Prius and Prius sales. When the sales of both Prius models are broken down, Toyota Aqua is classified as the top selling model in Japan, including the kei car, with Aqua's leading monthly sales from February to December 2012. After that, Aqua becomes the new best-selling car. in Japan for three consecutive years, from 2013 to 2015, and is regarded as the most successful nameplate launch in Japan in the last 20 years.
Global sales of Aqua/Prius c exceeded the 500,000 mark in August 2013 and 1 million milestones in the first half of 2015. In January 2017, with 1,380,100 units sold worldwide, the Aqua/Prius c is the second largest hybrid TMC sale after the Prius ordinary. The top market is Japan with 1,154,500 Aquas sold, capturing 83.6% of global sales, followed by North America with 192,700 units.
Sales
Overview
In January 2017, the Prius was sold in more than 90 countries and territories. Prius worldwide cumulative sales exceeded 1 million mark in May 2008, exceeding 2 million units in September 2010, and reaching 3 million million by June 2013. In January 2017, the Prius's global sales reached nearly 6.115 million units representing 61% of 10 million hybrids delivered by Toyota Motor Company (TMC) worldwide, including the Lexus brand. Prius family sales led by Prius liftback with 3.985 million units, followed by Aqua/Prius c with 1.38 million, Prius/v/? with, 614,7 thousand and Prius Plug-in Hybrid with 79,3 thousand units.
In April 2011, the US accounted for nearly half of the Prius's global liftback sales, with 1 million Prius sold since 2000. However, the Prius suffered two consecutive years of sales declining from its peak in 2007, falling to 139,682 units in 2009 before rebounding to 140,928 units in 2010. Sales in Japan reached 1 million Prius in August 2011. In January 2017, Prius liftback sales reached more than 1.8 million units in Japan and 1.75 million in the United States, and ranked as the best of all time -selling hybrid cars in both countries.
- 2010
Cumulative Prius sales in Europe reached 100,000 in 2008 and 200,000 units by mid-2010, after 10 years in that market. Britain is one of the leading European markets for the Prius, accounting for more than 20 percent of all Prius sold in Europe. Toyota Prius became the best-selling vehicle in Japan in 2009 for the first time since its debut in 1997 because its sales nearly tripled to 208,876 in 2009. That year, Honda overtook Honda Fit, Japan's best-selling car in 2008, except the Kei.
- 2011
The rise in oil prices caused by the Arab Spring led to an increase in Prius sales in the first quarter of 2011, but the 2011 T-hsu earthquake and tsunami caused a halt to production. Production resumes a few days later, but output is hindered by the shortage of parts suppliers. However, during the 2011 fiscal year 2011 (April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2012), the Prius family sold 310,484 units, including Prius sales, launched in May 2011, and Toyota Aqua, launched in December, allowing the Prius brand to become a bestseller in Japan for the third year in a row.
- 2012
As of September 2012, the Prius liftback is Japan's best-selling new car for 16 months in a row, to be exceeded by Toyota Aqua in October, which continues to lead until December 2012. The Prius liftback, with 317,675 units sold in 2012 (including Prius sales? ), Is the best-selling car in Japan during the calendar year 2012 for the fourth year in a row. Aqua is ranked as the second best-selling car with 266,567 units sold in 2012. However, when the sales of both Prius models are broken down, Toyota Aqua is ranked as the top selling model in Japan in 2012, including kei cars, leading sales from February to December 2012. Aqua is the best-selling new car in Japan in 2013, and again in 2014. Global Prius sales peaked in 2010 with more than 500 thousand units sold, and since 2011 sales of the liftback version has declined in most markets through December 2015, US and Canada since 2013.
High gasoline prices in the US, close to US $ 4 per gallon in March 2012, contributed to record monthly sales of Prius family vehicles. A total of 28,711 units were sold in the United States during March 2012, becoming a one-month record for Prius sales ever. The third generation Prius liftback contributed 18,008 units (62.7%); Prius v contributed 4,937 units (17.2%); Prius c, for 4,875 units (17.0%); and Prius Plug-in Hybrid, for 891 units (3.1%). Another record set during the first quarter of 2012, with Prius sales of 60,859 units, it became the best selling quarter ever. Toyota Prius family vehicle sales in California represent 26% of all Prius purchases in the US during 2012. With 60,688 units sold during this year, the Prius became the best-selling vehicle in California, above the previous leader, Honda Civic (57,124 units) and third, Toyota Camry (50,250 units). Prius nameplate back in 2013 the best-selling vehicle in California with 69,728 units sold in the state, in front of Honda Civic (66,982) and Honda Accord (63, 194).
Toyota sold 223,905 Prius among various HEV family members in the US in 2012, representing along with 51.5% market share of all hybrids sold in that country that year. In addition, a total of 12,750 Prius PHVs were sold in 2012, allowing plug-in hybrids to occupy second position as the second plug-in electric car sales in the US after the Chevrolet Volt, and surpassing Nissan Leaf. The Toyota Prius liftback, with 147,503 units sold, is the best-selling hybrid in 2012, the Prius v ranks third with 40,669 units, and the fourth Prius c with 35,733 units. Toyota USA estimates that hybrid model sales in 2012 will represent 14% of Toyota's total sales in the country. Since its founding in 1999, a total of 1.5 million members of the Prius family have been sold in the US in mid-October 2013, representing a 50.1% market share of total hybrid sales in the country. Of these, 1,356,318 are the conventional Prius liftbacks sold until September 2013.
Prius family sales also broke the record in Japan in March 2012. Accounting Prius and Prius conventional? sales, a total of 45,496 units sold in March 2012, became the highest monthly sales ever for any model in Japan since 1997, and represents a market share of 9% of all new car registrations except the kei car. Toyota Aqua sold 29,156 units, ranked as the third best-selling car of the month. Together, all Prius family vehicles sold 74,652 units, representing 15% of new car sales every March 2012. With a total of 247,230 vehicles sold during the first quarter of 2012, the Toyota Prius family became the world's top three sales board in the total global sales , after Toyota Corolla (300,800 units) and Ford Focus (277,000 units).
- Since 2012
US Prius sales have declined every year since its peak in 2012.
Liftback Sales
Design and technology
The Prius is a power-split or series-parallel (full) hybrid, sometimes referred to as a hybrid combined, a vehicle that can be driven by gasoline or electric power or both. Wind resistance is reduced by the drag coefficient of C d = 0, 25 (0.29 for model 2000) with Kammback design to reduce air resistance. Lower hardiness tires are used to reduce road friction. The electric water pump removes the serpentine belt. In the US and Canada, vacuum tubes are used to store the heat sink when the vehicle is turned off for reuse so as to reduce heating time. The Prius engine utilizes the Atkinson cycle.
EV mode
When the vehicle is turned on with the "Power" button, the car is ready to drive immediately with an electric motor. In the second-generation Prius, the electric pump warms the engine by pumping the heat engine coolant previously stored from the cooling thermos before the internal combustion engine starts. The delay between turning on the car and turning on the internal combustion engine is about seven seconds. The third generation Prius does not have a cooling thermos. Instead, the engine is heated by reclaiming the waste heat. A button labeled "EV" retains the Electric Vehicle mode after it is switched on and under most low load conditions less than 25 mph (40 km/h). It allows driving with low noise and no fuel consumption for travel under 1 mile (1.6 km). The car automatically returns to normal mode if the battery becomes exhausted. Prior to the 2010 model, the North American model did not have an "EV" button, although the "EV" mode was still internally supported by Prius Hybrid Vehicle management computers.
Battery
There are two main battery packs, High Voltage (HV) batteries, also known as traction batteries, and a 12 volt battery known as Low Voltage (LV) battery. The traction battery of the first-generation Prius updates (2000 onwards) is a 38-nickel metal hydride nickel (NiMH) nickel package that provides a capacity of 273.6 volts, 6.5 Ah and 53.3 kg (118 pounds) weight and is supplied by Panasonic Japan. EV Energy Co. They are typically charged between 40-60% of maximum capacity to extend battery life and allow room for regenerative braking. Each battery uses 10-15Ã, kg (22-33Ã, lb) lanthanum, and each Prius electric motor contains 1 ×, kg (2 Ã, Â £) neodymium; car production is described as "the biggest user of a rare land of any object in the world." The LV battery is essential to start the car and provide initial power to the computer.
The Second Generation Prius contains a 1310 kWh battery, which consists of 28 modules. Each battery module is made up of 6 individual 1,2Ã,® V 6.5Ã, Ah Prismatic NiMH cells in series forming modules 7.2Ã,® V 6.5Ã, Ah with a energy density of 46 Wh/kg and an output power density of 1.3 kW/kg. Each module contains load controllers and integrated relays. These modules connect 28 in series to form the battery 201.6 V 6.5 A (traction battery), also known as energy storage system. The computer cost controller and computer management system of battery management keeps this battery between 38% and 82% of filling conditions, with a tendency to keep the average cost of about 60%. With a shallow battery bike only a fraction of the available clean energy storage capacity is available for use (around 400 Wh) by a hybrid drive system, but a shallow cycled controlled computer dramatically improves the life cycle, thermal control control, and net length of battery calendar period. This active battery cooling is achieved by blower motors and air ducts, while passive thermal management is achieved through the design of metal boxes.
Battery life cycle
When the Prius reaches ten years available in the US market, in February 2011 Consumer Reports checks the life and cost of replacing Prius batteries. The magazine tested the Toyota Prius 2002 with more than 200,000 miles on it, and compared the results with the 2001 Prius almost identical to the 2,000 miles tested by Consumer Reports 10 years earlier. Comparison shows little difference in performance when tested for fuel economy and acceleration. Overall fuel economy of the 2001 model is 40.6 miles per gallon US (5.79 L/100 km; 48.8 mpg -imp ) while the Prius 2002 with high mileage delivered 40, 4 miles per gallon US (5.82 L/100 km, 48.5 mpg -imp ). The magazine concludes that the effectiveness of the battery does not decrease in the long run. The first-generation battery replacement cost varies between US $ 2,200 and US $ 2,600 from Toyota dealers, but a low usage unit of the rescue yard is available for approximately US $ 500 . One study showed that it might be beneficial to rebuild the battery using a good knife from a damaged battery.
Air Conditioning (HVAC)
The HVAC system uses an AC induction motor to drive a closed system roll compressor, a design principle not normally used in automotive applications. Using a scroll compressor increases the efficiency of the system, while driving it with an AC induction motor makes the system more flexible, allowing the AC to run when the engine is turned off. Since the oil used with cooling gas also flows in the high-voltage motor area, the liquid must be powered to avoid transmitting electrical current to the exposed metal part of the system. Therefore, Toyota sets the POE oil (ND11 designated) required for repairs. The system can not be repaired with equipment normally used for ordinary cars, which usually use PAG oil, because the equipment will contaminate ND11 oil with PAG oil. According to SAE J2843, the oil supplied from the treatment apparatus must contain PAG of less than 0.1% when filling. One percent PAG oil can result in a decrease in electrical power by a factor of about 10.
Environmental impact
Fuel economy and emissions
- United States
From the beginning, the Toyota Prius has become one of the best fuel economy vehicles available in the United States, and for the 2012 model year, the Prius family has three models among the 10 most fuel-efficient cars sold in the country rated by the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). After the first generation Honda Insight was discontinued in September 2006, the Prius liftback became the most fuel-efficient car sold in the US market, to reach by the Chevrolet Volt in December 2010, due to plug-in hybrid rated by the EPA. with a combined total city/gasoline-electric fuel economy highway of 60 mpg -US (3.9 L/100 km, 72 mpg -imp ) equivalent (MPG- e). According to the EPA, for the 2012 model year, and when only gasoline-powered vehicles are considered (excluding electric cars), the Prius c is ranked as a fuel-efficient compact car, the Prius liftback as the most efficient medium car fuel, and Prius v as the station wagon medium-sized fuel economy.
More fossil fuels are needed to build hybrid vehicles than conventional cars but reduce emissions when running more vehicles than this.
among the Prius family models sold in the US (model 2001-2012)
- Japan
The following table presents the performance of fuel economy and carbon emissions for all Prius family models sold in Japan since 1997. Ratings are presented for both, the older official 10-15 model cycle test and the new JC08 test designed for the new Japanese standards that go into in effect by 2015, but already used by some car manufacturers for new cars. The 2nd Prius generation became the first car to meet the new 2015 Japan Fuel Economy Standard as measured by the JC08 test.
among the Prius family models sold in Japan (1997-2012)
Lifetime energy usage
In 2008, the British government and British media requested that Toyota release detailed figures for energy use and CO 2 emissions resulting from the construction and disposal of the Prius. Toyota has not provided the requested data to answer the statement that the use of the Prius's lifetime of energy (including an increase in the environmental cost of manufacture and disposing of nickel-metal hydride batteries) is greater than lower lifetime fuel consumption. Toyota stated that the savings of CO 2 lifetime was 43 percent. In 2010, the UK Government Car Service operated over 100 Prius (the largest part of its fleet) and listed the Prius as having the lowest CO 2 emissions between its fleets.
CNW Marketing Research originally published a study in which they estimated that the total lifetime cost of the Prius 2005 was greater than the Hummer H2. This study has been widely disputed: see for example, "Hummer versus Prius: 'Dust to Dust' Report Misleading the Media and Public with Bad Science".
Electromagnetic field level
The Prius uses an electric motor in a hybrid propulsion system, powered by a high-voltage battery in the rear of the car. There are public concerns about whether the level of exposure to electromagnetic fields in the cabin is higher than comparable cars, and what health effects there may be, popularized by the 2008 New York Times article. However, Toyota and several independent studies have shown that apart from short spikes when accelerated, the electromagnetic field in the Prius is no different from the conventional car and does not exceed the ICNIRP exposure guidelines.
A 2013 study by the Mayo Clinic found that patients with heart-implanted devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators could safely ride or ride hybrid or plug-in electric cars without the risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The study was conducted using an implant device from three major manufacturers and a Toyota Prius hybrid 2012. The study used 30 participants with embedded devices, and measured electric and magnetic fields on six positions inside and outside the Prius, and each position was evaluated at different speeds.
Tranquility
The Wall Street Journal reported in February 2007 on concerns that a quiet car like the Prius could pose a security risk to those who rely on engine noise to sense the presence or location of moving vehicles. Blind traders are a major concern, and the National Federation of the Blind advocates audio producers on hybrid vehicles, but it has been argued that increased risks can also affect visible pedestrians or cyclists accustomed to the aural cues of vehicles. However, silent vehicles are relatively common, and there is also a lack of aural cues from vehicles that have a conventional internal combustion engine in which engine noise has been reduced by noise absorbing materials in the engine room and the noise suppression muffler system. In July 2007, a Toyota spokesman said the company was aware of the issue and was studying the options.
In 2010, Toyota released a device for a third-generation Prius intended to alert pedestrians about its proximity. Japan issued guidelines for such warning devices in January 2010 and a US-approved law in December 2010. Models equipped with a self-activated system include all Prius family vehicle models of 2012 and later that have been introduced in the United States, including Prius standard, Prius v, Prius c and Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid. Warning sounds are activated when the car runs less than 15 mph (24 km/h) and can not be turned off manually.
Marketing and culture
CO 2 iklan
In the UK, the Advertising Standards Authority, an independent body assigned to oversee the advertising industry rules, decided that television commercials for the Toyota Prius should not be broadcast again in the same form, after breaking rules about misleading advertising. The ad states that the Prius "transmits up to a ton less CO 2 per year", while on-screen text includes "1 ton CO 2 less than the equivalent family of vehicles with engines diesel, the average is calculated at 20,000 km a year. "The point of dispute is the vehicle chosen for comparison, whether" ' to' a ton less' is sufficiently communicated that the reduction may be lower, and whether the distance is used according to: 20,000 km per year around the average annual driving distance of US cars, while the British car is 13.440 km.
Political symbolism
The large number of progressive Prius celebrities in 2002 prompted The Washington Post to dub the "politically correct status symbol of Hollywood's newest status". Conservatives called "Prius Patriots" also drive cars because they want to contribute to reducing US dependence on foreign oil. A 2007 San Francisco Chronicle article said the "Progressive Prius" became an archetype, with American conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh arguing that "these liberals think they are ahead of the game on these things, and they are just suckers".
In July 2007 The New York Times published an article using data from CNW Marketing Research found that 57% of buyers of the Prius say their main reason for buying is "it makes a statement about me", while only 37% cited the economy fuel as the main motivator. Shortly thereafter Washington Post columnist Robert Samuelson coined the term "political Prius" to describe a situation in which the driver's desire to "show off" is a stronger motivator than a desire to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Some conservatives promote the use of Toyota Prius and other hybrid cars. For example, Jim Road from What Will Jesus Push? encouraging people to drive hybrid cars because of the damage caused by large SUVs and faster cars for others.
Former head of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) R. James Woolsey, Jr. driving a Prius because of its low fuel consumption. Woolsey noted the volatility of the Middle East, coupled with anti-US sentiment in many areas. Noting that the high percentage of oil drilled in the Middle East provides great benefits to the Middle East regime, Woolsey believes it is patriotic obligation to drive more efficient vehicles. In the Trend Motor magazine article Woolsey stated that the oil profits found their way to terrorist groups like al-Qaeda, which means that Americans who buy inefficient vehicles will, in effect, indirectly fund terrorism. "We pay for both sides in this war, and that's not a good long-term strategy," Woolsey said. "I have a bumper sticker on the back of my Prius which reads, 'Bin Laden hates this car.'"
DARPA edition without driver
The driver version of the Prius is one of six cars to complete the 2007 Urban DARPA Challenge.
Motorports
The Prius racing version was unveiled by Toyota in 2013. The racing Prius replaces the 1.8-liter ATkinson-cycle engine with a 3.4 liter V8 RV8KLM engine mounted in the center of the car. The hybrid drive drive from Hybrid Synergy Drive car production is maintained but with a larger lithium ion battery. RV8KLM is actually the same machine that is featured on Toyota's LMP2 Orken 07 Leman Prototype. The car took pole position of the class and finished sixth in 2012 Fuji GT 500km.
Government and corporate incentives
There are a number of governments with incentives intended to drive hybrid car sales. In some countries, including the US and Canada, some rebate incentives have been exhausted, while other countries such as Britain, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands have various incentives or alternatives to buying hybrid vehicles.
Some US companies offer incentives to employees. Bank of America will replace US $ 3,000 on purchasing new hybrid vehicles to full-time and part-time colleagues working over 20 hours per week. Google, Hyperion Solutions software company, and producer of organic food and beverages, Clif Bar & amp; Co offers employees with credits of <$ 5,000 for purchases of certain hybrid vehicles including the Prius. The Integrated Archive System, the IT company Palo Alto, offers a subsidy of US $ 10,000 on purchasing hybrid vehicles to full-time employees employed over one year.
Travelers Companies, a major insurance company, offers hybrid owners a 10% discount for car insurance in most US states. The Farmers Insurance Group offers a similar discount up to 10% in most US states.
In June 2015, the Prius began to be used as a general purpose patrol car from the National Police of Ukraine. In return for Ukraine's emission permits under the Kyoto Protocol, 1,568 cars are supplied by Japan.
See also
- Toyota hybrid comparison
References
External links
- Toyota Prius global site
- Toyota Prius in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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