Charleston is the oldest and largest city in the state of South Carolina, the county district of Charleston County, and the main city in Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is located just south of the geographic centerline of the South Carolina coastline and is located in Charleston Harbor, an Atlantic Atlantic inlet formed by the Ashley, Cooper, and Wando river encounters. Charleston has an estimated population of 134,385 by 2016. Estimates of Charleston's metropolitan area population, which comprises the districts of Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester, are 761,155 inhabitants by 2016, the third largest in the state and the 78th largest metropolitan area of ​​statistics in the United States.
Charleston was founded in 1670 as Charles Town, honoring King Charles Ã, II of England. Its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River (now Charles Towne Landing) was abandoned in 1680 due to its present location, which became North America's fifth largest city in ten years time. Regardless of its size, it remained unrelated throughout the colonial period; his government was handled directly by the colonial legislature and a governor sent by London. Electoral districts are organized according to the Anglican parish, and some social services are managed by Anglican guards and vests. Charleston adopted its current spelling by merging it as a city in 1783 at the end of the Revolutionary War. The growth of the inland population of South Carolina affected the transfer of state rule to Columbia in 1788, but the port city remained among the top ten cities in the United States through the 1840 census. Historians estimate that "nearly half of all Africans brought to America arrive in Charleston" , mostly at Gadsden's Wharf. The only pre-war major city that has an enslaved majority population, Charleston is controlled by a planter oligarchy and white merchant who managed to force the federal government to revise rates 1828 and 1832 during Nullification Crisis and launched the Civil War in 1861 by seizing Arsenal, Castle Pinckney, and Fort Sumter from their federal garrison.
Known for its rich history, well-preserved architecture, excellent restaurants, and friendly people, Charleston is a popular tourist destination. It has received many awards, including "America's Most Friendly [City]" by Travel Leisure in 2011 and 2013 and 2014 by CondÃÆ' Â © Nast Traveler , as well as "city most courteous and friendly in America "by Southern Living magazine. In 2016, Charleston was ranked as the "World's Best City" by Travel Leisure .
Video Charleston, South Carolina
Geography
The exact city consists of six different districts.
- The Town Center, or sometimes referred to as The Peninsula , is downtown Charleston separated by the Ashley River in the west and Cooper River to the east.
- West Ashley , a residential area west of Downtown bordered by the Ashley River in the east and the Stono River to the west.
- Johns Island , deep in the western boundary of Charleston, home to Angel Oak, is bordered by the Stono River to the east, the Kiawah River to the south and Wadmalaw Island to the west.
- James Island , a popular residential area between Downtown and the city of Folly Beach where McLeod Plantation is located.
- Cainhoy Peninsula , the far eastern boundary of Charleston borders the Wando River to the west and Nowell Creek to the east.
- Daniel Island , a rapidly growing residential area north of the city center, east of the Cooper River and west of the Wando River.
Topography
The incorporated city entered into 4-5 square miles (10-13 km 2 ) until the end of the First World War, but has since been highly developed, crossing the Ashley River and encompassing James Island and several Johns Islands. The city limits have also expanded across the Cooper River, covering Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. The city has a total area of ​​127.5 square miles (330.2 km 2 ), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km 2 ) is ground and 18, 5 square miles (47.9 km 2 ) covered by water. North Charleston blocks any extension on the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land just east of the Cooper River.
Charleston Harbor runs about 7 miles (11 km) southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 miles (3.2 km), surrounded on all sides except its entrances. Sullivan Island is located just north of the entrance and Morris Island to the south. The entrance itself is about 1 mile wide (2 km) wide; initially only 18 feet (5 m) deep, but began to be enlarged in the 1870s. The tidal streams (Wando, Cooper, Stono, and Ashley) are evidence of a drowning or sinking coastline. There is a river delta that sank from the mouth of the harbor and the Cooper River inside.
Climate
Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (climatic classification KÃÆ'¶ppen Cfa ), with mild winters, hot and humid summers, and significant rainfall throughout the year. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thunder. Autumn remained relatively warm until mid-November. Winter is short and light, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (> = 0.1 inch or 0.25 cm) occurs only a few times in a decade at most, but freezing rain is more common; The snow/frozen rain event on January 3, 2018 was the first such event in Charleston since December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) crashed at the airport on December 23, 1989, the biggest day falling on record, contributing to a storm record and a single seasonal 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.
The highest temperatures recorded within city limits were 104Ã, Â ° F (40Ã, Â ° C) on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7Ã, Â ° F (-14Ã, Â ° C) on 14 February 1899 At the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 Â ° F (41 Â ° C) on 1 August 1999, up to 6 Â ° F (-14 Â ° C) on Jan. 21, 1985. Typhoons are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several major storms striking the area - the most famous of which was Hurricane Hugo on 21 September 1989 (storm category 4). Dew drops from June to August ranged from 67.8 to 71.4 ° F (19.9 to 21.9 ° C).
Wilayah Statistik Metropolitan
The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistics Area consists of three districts: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. At the US Census of 2013, the metropolitan area of ​​statistics has a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next largest cities. These cities combined with other areas that are united and unrelated with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 in 2010. The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with population 2,000 of 9123).
The traditional parish system lasted until the Reconstruction Era, when the district was enacted. However, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, especially as the district of public services. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the borders of St. Peter's Parish. Philip and St. Michael, now also belongs to the Parish of St. James, Parish St. George, St. John's Parish Andreas, and St. John's parish, although the last two are still mostly rural parishes.
Maps Charleston, South Carolina
History
The colonial era (1670-1786)
After Charles Ã, II was restored to the British throne in 1660, he granted the Charter of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as Lords Proprietors, on 24 March 1663. It took seven years before the group set up a settlement expedition. In 1670, Governor William Sayle brought some settler ships from Bermuda, located east of Charleston though closer to Cape Hatteras in North Carolina. The settlers founded Charles Town at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River a few miles northwest of the present city center. Charles Town became the first comprehensive English-language city in England with governance, settlement and development to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for Lords Proprietors by John Locke. Since the Fundamental Constitution of Carolina was never ratified, however, Charles Town was never included during the colonial period. The United Kingdom did not approve of an attempt to do so in the 1720s. In contrast, local ordinances were passed by the provincial government, with day-to-day administration handled by ward and St. Parish vest. Angles, Parish St. Stopea, St. John's, and St Ã, .
At the time of contact, the area was inhabited by the Cusabo Indians. The settlers declared war on them in October 1671. Initially the people of Charleston allied with Westo, a slow northern tribe that had grown a strong trade for arms with the colonists in Virginia. Westo had made enemies of virtually every other tribe in the region, however, and the British revived them in 1679. Destroying Westo by 1680, the settlers were able to use their enhanced relationship with Cusabo and other tribes to trade, retake the escaped slaves and engage in raid operations in areas allied to Spain.
The Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, declares that it will soon become the "great port city". In contrast, early settlements quickly shrunk and disappeared while other villages - founded by settlers in Oyster Point at the Ashley and Cooper River encounters around 1672 - flourished; this settlement officially replaced the original Charles Town in 1680. (The original site is now commemorated as Charles Towne Landing.) Not only is this location more sustainable but also offers access to a good natural harbor, which accommodates trade with the West Indies.. This new city was the fifth largest in North America in 1690. On the south coast of Carolina, transportation between early communities through rivers and seas was so convenient that Charleston was the only court needed until the late 1750s, but the difficulty in transport and communications with the north meant the settlers were effectively independent from Charles Town until the end of Philip Ludwell's reign; even then, the north is controlled through the appointed vice governor. On December 7, 1710, the Lords Proprietors decided to separate the North Carolina Province from the Charles Town government, although they continued to own and control both territories.
The outbreak of smallpox struck in 1698, followed by an earthquake in February of 1699 that a fire that occurred subsequently destroyed about a third of the city. During the redevelopment, yellow fever outbreak killed about 15% of the remaining population. The city of Charles suffered between 5 and 8 large yellow fevers during the first half of the 18th century. This developed a decent reputation as one of Britain's most unhealthy locations in white North America, although false observations during that period led some doctors to think that blacks have a natural immunity to the disease. Both black and white locals appear to have developed a general immunity to this disease in 1750, with future outbreaks (lasting until 1871) tending to kill only newcomers, pushing its local name as "foreigner fever". Malaria - locally known as "country fever" because yellow fever is largely confined to Charles Town and the coast - endemic. Although it does not have a high yellow fever death rate, it causes many diseases and is also a major health problem through most of the city's history before dying in 1950 after the use of pesticides.
Charles Town was fortified according to a plan developed in 1704 under Governor Nathaniel Johnson. Early settlements are often the target of attacks from the sea and land. Both Spain and France compete UK claims to the region. Native Americans and pirates both invaded it, although the Yamasee War of the 1710s did not quite reach it.
Charles Town was surrounded by pirates "Blackbeard" for several days in May 1718; pirates looted merchant ships and confiscated passengers and crew of Crowley. Blackbeard freed his hostages and left in a coffin box from Governor Robert Johnson.
Around 1719, the name of the city began generally written by Charlestown and, except those overlooking the Cooper River, the old walls were largely removed over the next decade. Charlestown is the center of South Carolina's inland colonization, but remains the southernmost point of British settlement on the American mainland until the province of Georgia was founded in 1732. The first settlers mainly came from England and its colonies in Barbados and Bermuda. The last planters brought African slaves with those who had been bought on the islands. Early immigrants to the city included French, Scottish, Irish and German Protestants, as well as hundreds of Jews, predominantly Sephardi from Britain and the Netherlands. By the end of 1830, the Jewish community of Charleston was the largest and richest in America. Because the struggle of the British Reformation and especially of the old papacy recognizes the son of James 2, as the legitimate king of England, Scotland and Ireland, Roman Catholics were forbidden to settle in South Carolina during the colonial period. (Catholic Emancipation did not go so seriously until after the start of the American Revolution.)
In 1708, however, the majority of the colony population was black Africans. They had been taken to Charlestown in Middle Passage, first as "servants" and then as slaves. Of the approximately 400,000 Africans transported to North America for sale as slaves, 40% are thought to have landed on Sullivan Island off Charlestown, an "Ellis hell island", where they are held in a 16 foot (4.9 m) structure with 30 foot (9.1 m) is called lazaretto or pest house for at least 10 days. This structure was destroyed at the end of the 18th century. Since there is no official monument, author Toni Morrison organized a private-funded warning bench. The tribes of Bakongo, Mbundu, Wolof, Mende, and Malinke formed the largest group of Africans brought here. The colored people also came from the West Indies, where rich white men wearing black clothes and color lines (especially at the beginning) are more loose among the working class. In 1767 Gadsden's Wharf was built in the city port on the Cooper River; it was finally extended 840 feet and able to accommodate six ships at once. Many slaves are sold from here. Devoted to plantation agriculture, the state of South Carolina has a black majority from the colonial period until after the Great Migration at the beginning of the 20th century.
At the base of the city, the principal items of trade are pine wood and a field for boats and tobacco. The early economies developed around the deer skin trade, where the colonies used alliances with Cherokee and Creek people to secure raw materials used for leather pants, gloves, and European leather books. The records show an average annual export of 54,000 skins for the years from 1699 to 1715. During the peak trade from 1739 to 1761, 5,239,350 pounds (2,376,530 kg) of reindeer skin were exported through Charlestown, which represented from 0.5 to 1.25 million deer. To a lesser extent, beavers are also exported. At the same time, Indians are used to enslave each other. From 1680 to 1720, some 40,000 indigenous men, women, and children were sold through ports, mainly to the West Indies but also to Boston and other cities of Great Britain in North America. Lowcountry residents do not keep Indian slaves, considering they are too vulnerable to escape or rebellion, and instead use their proceeds to buy black African slaves for their own plantations. The slaveraiding - and European firearms were introduced - helped destabilize Spanish Florida and French Louisiana in the 1700s during the Spanish War of Succession. But it also provoked the 1710s Yamasee War that nearly destroyed the colony, after which they abandoned the slave trade of India.
The region's non-compliance to tobacco encouraged Lowcountry farmers to experiment with other commercial crops. The profitability of planting rice makes the planters pay premiums for slaves from "Rice Coast" who know their cultivation; their descendants form the Gullah. Slaves imported from the Caribbean showed planting daughter George Lucas, Eliza, how to pick and use indigo to color in 1747. Within three years, British subsidies and high demand had made it a major export.
During this period, the slaves were sold on board arriving or at an ad hoc meeting at the townhouse. Fugitives and small uprisings pushed the Security Act 1739 which required all white people to carry weapons at any time (even to church on Sunday), but before it was fully enforced, the Cato Rebellion or Stono broke out. The white community has recently been devastated by the malaria epidemic and the rebels killed about 25 whites before being stopped by the colonial militia; rebellion resulted in white people killing 35 to 50 blacks.
The planters linked violence with recently imported Africans and approved a 10-year moratorium on slave imports through Charlestown, depending on the communities they already own. The Negroid 1740 law also tightens control, requiring one white for every ten blacks on any plantation and forbidding the slaves to gather together, to grow their own food, make money, or learn to read. Drums are forbidden because Africans use them to signal, although slaves are continuously allowed ropes and other instruments. When the moratorium ended and Charlestown reopened for the slave trade in 1750, the memory of the Stono Uprising meant that merchants avoided buying slaves from Congo and Angola.
In the mid-18th century, Charlestown, described as "Jerusalem's slavery of America, its capital and center of belief", was the center of Atlantic trade of the southern colonies of England. Even with a moratorium for a decade, his habit of processing about 40% of African slaves was taken to North America between 1700 and 1775. and about half to the end of African trade. From 1767, many were sold from the newly built Gadsden's Wharf, where six slave ships could at one time bind. Plantations and the economy based on them make this the richest city in the United Kingdom of North America and the largest in south Philadelphia's population. In 1770, the city's population of 11,000 - half slaves - making it the 4th largest port after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. The elites use this wealth to create cultural and social development. The first theater building in America was built here in 1736; it was later replaced by the Dock Street Theater today. St Ã, Michael's was founded in 1753. A benevolent society was formed by Huguenot, color-free, German and Jewish people. The Library Society was founded in 1748 by well-born youths who wanted to share the financial costs to offset the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. The group also helped establish a city college in 1770, the first in the colony. Until it was acquired by the state university system in 1970, the College of Charleston is a college supported by the oldest city in the United States.
The American Revolution (1776-1783)
Delegates to the Continental Congress were elected in 1774, and South Carolina declared independence from Britain on the Exchange ladder. As part of the southern theater of the American Revolution, the British attacked the city with force three times, generally assuming that the settlement had a large base of Loyalists who would rally to their destination after being given military backing. The loyalty of the white south was largely abrogated, however, by British law cases (such as the case of Somerset 1772 which marked the prohibition of slavery in England and Wales, a milestone in the Abolitionist struggle) and military tactics (such as Dunmore Proclamation in 1775) promising emancipation of slaves planters; But these efforts, with no surprise won the loyalties of thousands of Black Loyalists.
The Battle of Sullivan Island sees England's failure to capture a palmade palette set up partly from the Col militia regiment. Moultrie on 28 June 1776; this is the first defeat of the Royal Navy in a century. The Liberty Flag was used by the Moultrie people form the basis of the South Carolina flag, and the anniversary of victory continues to be celebrated as Carolina Day.
Making Charlestown their first priority, Britain sent General Clinton, who began his siege in Charleston on April 1, 1780 with some 14,000 troops and 90 ships. The bombing began on 11 March. The rebels, led by General Lincoln, had about 5,500 men and an inadequate castle to drive troops against them. After Britain cut off its supply lines and retreat lines at the battle of Monck's Corner and Ferry Lenud, surrendering Lincoln on May 12th became America's biggest defeat in the war.
Britain continued to hold Charlestown for over a year after their defeat at Yorktown in 1781, although they alienated the local elite by refusing to restore full civilian rule. General Nathanael Greene has entered the state after the victory of the Cornwallis pyramid at Guilford Courthouse and preserves the area under a kind of siege. General Alexander Leslie, commander of Charlestown, called for a ceasefire in March 1782 to buy food for his garrison and city dwellers. Greene refused and formed a brigade under Mordecai Gist to oppose the British attack. One of them in August led to England's victory on the Combahee River, but Charlestown was eventually evacuated in December 1782. General Greene presented city leaders with Moultrie Flag.
From the summer of 1782, the French planters who fled from the Haitian Revolution began to arrive at the harbor with their slaves. The main incidence of yellow fever occurring in Philadelphia the following year may spread from the epidemic that the refugees brought to Charleston, though not publicly reported at the time. During the 19th century, health officials and municipal newspapers came under repeated criticism from northerners, fellow citizens of the South, and each other to cover up the epidemic as long as possible to keep the city's maritime traffic. The distrust and risk of death means that between July and October each year communication closes almost between the city and surrounding countryside, which is less prone to yellow fever.
Antebellum Era (1783-1861)
The Charleston spelling was adopted in 1783 as part of a formal merger of the city.
Although Columbia succeeded him as the state capital in 1788, Charleston became even more prosperous when Whitney's invention in 1793 on cotton gin accelerated the processing of the harvest more than 50 times. This development made cotton-short staple profitable and opened up Piedmont region in the highlands to slave-based cotton plantations, previously restricted to the Sea Islands and Lowcountry. The British Industrial Revolution - originally built on the textile industry - took extreme extra production and cotton became Charleston's main export commodity in the 19th century. The Bank of South Carolina, the second oldest building in the country to be built as a bank, was established in 1798. The First and Second Bank branches of the United States were also located in Charleston in 1800 and 1817.
During the Antebellum Period, Charleston continues to be the only major city in America with a predominantly slave population. The widespread use of slaves in the city as a worker is often the subject of writers and visitors: a merchant from Liverpool noted in 1834 that "almost all of the working population were Negroes, all servants, carmen & ampirators, all who saw the stalls in Market, and most of Journeymen in trade ". American merchants had been banned from completing the Atlantic slave trade in 1794 and all slave imports were banned in 1808, but old American ships refused to allow British inspections, and smuggling remained common. Far more important was the domestic slave trade, which blared when Deep South was developed on a new cotton plantation. As a result of the trade, there was a forced migration of over a million slaves from Upper South to the Lower South in the years before the war. During the early 19th century, the first special slave market was established in Charleston, mostly near Chalmers & amp; State road. Many domestic slave traders use Charleston as a port in what is called coastal trade, traveling to ports such as Mobile and New Orleans.
Slave ownership is a major marker of the class and even people are free from the city and colored people usually retain slaves if they have the wealth to do so. Visitors usually comment on the number of blacks in Charleston and it seems that freedom of movement, in spite of the fact - is aware of the Stono Uprising and the cruel slave revolutions that make up Haiti - whites strictly regulate the behavior of slaves and free men. color. Wage and recruitment practices are established, identifying badges are sometimes required, and even work songs are sometimes censored. Penalties are handled invisibly by the city's Work House, which costs thousands of towns every year. In 1820, a state law mandated that every individual action liberate a slave for legislative approval, effectively discontinuing the practice.
The effect of slavery is pronounced on the white community as well. The high cost of the nineteenth century slaves and their high rates of return combined with the oligarchic society institutions controlled by about ninety interconnected families, in which 4% of the population is free to control half of the wealth, and the lower half of the free population - not can compete with slaves that are owned or rented - have no wealth at all. The white middle class is very minimal: the people of Charleston generally underestimate hard work as slaves. All the slave owners together possess 82% of the city's wealth and almost all non-slave poor. Olmsted considers their civil elections "entirely money and personal influence contests" and the oligarchy dominates civilian planning: the lack of public parks and facilities are recorded, like the number of private gardens on rich-walled estates.
In the 1810s, city churches intensified their discrimination against their black parish, culminating in the Methodist Bethel construction in 1817 in a hearse on his black burial ground. 4,376 Methodist blacks joined Morris Brown in establishing Hampstead Church, the African Episcopal Methodist church now known as Mother Emanuel. State and city laws prohibit black literacy, black worship is limited to daytime hours, and requires the majority of church parishes to be white. In June 1818, 140 members of the black church at Hampstead Church were arrested and eight leaders were fined and ten lashes; police raided the church again in 1820 and leaned in 1821.
In 1822, members of the church, led by Denmark Vesey, a lay preacher and carpenter who had bought his freedom after winning the lottery, planned a rebellion and fled to Haiti - initially for Bastille Day - which failed when a slave revealed the plot to his master. Over the next month, the quartermaster (mayor) of James Hamilton Jr. city. organizing militias for regular patrols, starting secret and extrajudicial courts to investigate, and hang 35 and alienate 35 or 37 slaves to Cuban Spain for their involvement. In Charleston's antipathy to abolitionists, a white conspirator asks for leniency from the court on the grounds that his involvement has been motivated only by greed and not by sympathy with slaves. Gov. Thomas Bennett Jr. has insisted that more careful and treat the slaves in Christianity but his own has been found to involve the planned revolt of Vesey. Hamilton managed to campaign for more restrictions on free and enslaved blacks: South Carolina required free black sailors to be imprisoned when their ship was in the Port of Charleston despite the international agreement finally obliging the United States to cancel the exercise; free blacks are forbidden to return to the country if they leave for any reason; slaves were given a curfew at 9:15; the city tore down the Hampstead Church to the ground and set up a new arsenal. This structure then became the basis of Citadel's first campus. The AME congregation built a new church but in 1834 the city forbade it and all black worship, after the 1831 Nat Turner revolt in Virginia. It is estimated that 10% of slaves who come to America as Muslims have never had a separate mosque. Slave owners sometimes give them beef rations instead of pork in recognition of religious traditions.
In 1832, South Carolina passed a cancellation rule, a procedure by which the state could, in effect, annul the federal law; it is directed towards the latest tariff action. Soon, federal soldiers were distributed to Charleston's fortress, and five American Coast Guard cutters were released to Charleston Harbor "to take over any ship arriving from a foreign port, and defend it against any attempt to deprive Customs Officers of their prisoners until all legal requirements have been met. "This federal action is known as the Charleston incident. State politicians are working on compromise laws in Washington to gradually reduce tariffs.
On April 27, 1838, a major fire broke out around 9 pm at night. It went berserk until noon the next day, damaging more than 1,000 buildings, estimated losses of $ 3 million at the time. In an attempt to extinguish the fire, all the water in the city pump runs out. Fire destroys business, a few churches, a new theater, and the whole market except the fish section. Most famous, Charleston Trinity Church burned. Another important building to be a victim is the newly built new hotel. Many houses were burned to the ground. The damaged buildings amount to about a quarter of all businesses in the main part of the city. Fire makes a lot of people who are not rich. Some leading store owners have died trying to save their company. When many homes and businesses are rebuilt or repaired, a great cultural revival takes place. In many ways, the fire helped put Charleston on the map as a great cultural and architectural center. Prior to the fire, only a few houses were laid out as the Greek Awakening; many residents decided to build new buildings in that style after the fire. This tradition continues and makes Charleston one of the prime places to see the Greek Revival architecture. The Gothic revival also made a significant appearance in the construction of many churches after the fires that showcased the beautiful forms and reminders of a devout European religion.
In 1840, the Hall and Market Warehouse, where meat and fresh produce were brought daily, became the center of commercial activity. The slave trade also depends on the port of Charleston, where ships can be lowered and slaves bought and sold. The legal import of African slaves had expired in 1808, although the smuggling was significant. However, domestic trade is booming. More than a million slaves were transported from Upper South to the Deep South in the years before the war, when cotton plantations were widely developed through what is known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastal slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports like Charleston. Civil War (1861-1865)
After the election of Abraham Lincoln, the General Assembly of South Carolina voted on December 20, 1860 to secede from the Union. On December 27, Castle Pinckney was handed over by his garrison to the state militia and, on January 9, 1861, the castle cadet opened fire on the Western Star as it entered Charleston Harbor.
The first full battle of the American Civil War took place on April 12, 1861, when batteries under General Beauregard fired at the US Army spacecraft held by Fort Sumter in the port of Charleston. After the 34-hour bombing, Major Robert Anderson handed over the castle. On December 11, 1861, a devastating fire burned over 500 acres (200 hectares) of the city.
Sea union controls allow repeated bombings of the city, causing massive damage. Although the Admiral Du Pont sea attack on the city citadel in April 1863 failed, the Union Navy blockade shut down most commercial traffic. During the war, some of the blockade runners passed but none managed to get in or out of Charleston Harbor between August 1863 and March 1864. Initial submarine H.L. Hunley made a night raid on the USSÃ,
Gillmore's general offensive in July 1864 was unsuccessful but the collapse of Columbia and the advance of General William T. Sherman's troops through the state prompted the Confederates to evacuate the city on 17 February 1865, setting fire to public buildings, cotton warehouses, and other sources. supply before their departure. Union forces moved into town within a month. The War Department restored the remaining federal property and also seized the Military Military Academy campus and used it as a federal garrison for the next 17 years. The facility was eventually restored to the state and reopened as a military college in 1882 under the direction of Lawrence E. Marichak.
Postbellum (1865-1945)
After the defeat of the Confederacy, the federal troops remained in Charleston during the Reconstruction. The war had destroyed the prosperity of the city, but the African-American population soared (from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880) when people were free to move from rural to large cities. Blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church and restarted an open meeting of the Methodist church of Episcopal and AME Zion Africa. They bought dogs, guns, booze, and better clothes - all banned before - and stopped producing white sidewalks. Regardless of the state legislative effort to stop the killing, Charleston has had a large class of color free people as well. At the beginning of the war, the city had 3,785 color-free people, many mixed races, making up about 18% of the city's black population and 8% of its total population. Many are educated and practiced skilled crafts; they quickly became leaders of Republic of South Carolina and its legislators. Men who had been colored before the war consisted of 26% of those elected to state and federal offices in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.
In the late 1870s, industry brought the city and its inhabitants back into new vitality; new jobs attract new residents. As urban trade improves, the population works to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was founded by the American Missionary Association as a free junior high school for the African-American population of Charleston. General Sherman gave his support for the conversion of United States Arsenal to Porter Military Academy, educational facilities for ex-soldiers and boys leaving orphans or poor because of war. The Porter Military Academy later joined the Gaud School and is now a university preparatory school, the Porter-Gaud School.
In 1875, blacks comprised 57% of the city and 73% of the district population. With leadership by members of the black community free before the war, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" for being able to defend itself without provoking "massive retaliation", as it did in many other fields during the Reconstruction. In the election cycle of 1876, two major riots between black Republican and white Democrats took place in the city, in September and a day after the November election, as well as violent incidents at Cainhoy at the October discussion meeting.
Violent incidents occurred throughout Piedmont state when white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social change after the war and granting citizenship to persons freed by amendments to the federal constitution. After the former Confederates were allowed to vote again, the election campaign of 1872 was marked by intense bullying against blacks and Republicans by a white Democratic paramilitary group, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street on September 6 and at the closest Cainhoy on October 15, both in connection with a political meeting before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only state where more white people were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts played an important role in suppressing black Republicans in some areas in 1876 and narrowly choosing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back state legislative control. Another riot broke out in Charleston a day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was reportedly mistakenly killed.
On August 31, 1886, Charleston was almost destroyed by an earthquake. Shock is estimated to have a magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity X ( Extreme ). It feels as far north as Boston, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It destroyed 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $ 6 million in damages ($ 146 million in 2016 dollars), when all city buildings cost about $ 24 million ($ 585 million in 2016 dollars).
Investment in the city continues. William Enston Home, a community planned for the old and weak city, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post and Courts Office, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that deprived its rights to blacks, effectively excluding them completely from the political process, a second-class status maintained for more than six decades in a predominantly black state until about 1930.
Charleston tourism boom began in earnest after the publication of Albert Simons and Samuel Lapham's Architecture of Charleston in the 1920s.
contemporary Era (1945-present)
Charleston languished economically for decades in the 20th century, although the presence of a large federal military in the region helped prop up the city's economy.
The Charleston Hospital Strike of 1969, where most black workers protest discrimination and low wages, is one of the last major events of the civil rights movement. This attracts Ralph Abernathy, Coretta Scott King, Andrew Young, and other prominent figures to line up with local leader, Mary Moultrie. The story is told in Tom Dent's book Southern Arrival (1996).
Joseph P. Riley Jr. elected mayor of the 1970s, and helped to advance some aspects of urban culture. Riley is working to revive Charleston's economic and cultural heritage. The last 30 years of the 20th century has a new major investment in the city, with a number of city improvements and a commitment to historic preservation to restore the city's unique fabric. There is an effort to preserve African-American working-class housing on the historic peninsula, but the settlement has prevailed, with rising prices and rents. From 1980 to 2010, the peninsula population has shifted from two-thirds black to two-thirds white; in 2010 the population numbered 20,668 white people became 10,455 blacks. Many African Americans have moved to cheaper suburbs in recent decades.
The city's commitment to investment is not slowed by Hugo Hurricane and continues to this day. Hurricane Hugo's eyes landed on Charleston Harbor in 1989, and although the worst damage occurred in McClellanville, three-quarters of houses in Charleston's historic district suffered varying degrees of damage. The storm caused damage of more than $ 2.8 billion. The city was able to rebound quite quickly after the storm and has grown in the population, reaching 124,593 the estimated population in 2009.
On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof enters the historic Emanuelian African Methodist Episcopal Church and sits in part of the Bible lesson before shooting and killing nine people. The senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also serves as a state senator, was among those killed in the attack. The deceased also includes members of the congregation Susie Jackson, 87; Pdt. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Pdt. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Reverend Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attacks received national attention, and sparked debates about historical racism, Confederate symbolism in the Southern states, and gun violence, partly based on online posts of Roofs. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from South Carolina State House. A memorial service at the College of Charleston campus was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Board Chairman John Boehner.
Demographics
In 2010, Charleston's racial makeup was 70.2% White, 25.4% African American, 1.6% Asian, and 1.5% of two or more races; In addition, 2.9% of the population is Hispanic or Latino, of any race.
Language
Given the high concentration of African-Americans who speak Gullah, creole languages ​​developed in the Sea Islands and in Low Countries, local speech patterns are also influenced by this community. Today, Gullah is still spoken by many African Americans. However, the rapid development since 1980, especially around the Sea Islands, has attracted residents from outside the region and led to a decline in Gullah's superiority.
The traditionally educated Charleston accent has long been noted in the states and throughout the South. This is usually heard in rich white families who trace their families from generation to generation in the city. It has an ingliding or monophthongal mid-length vowel, giving rise to ay and aw in certain environments, and non-static. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston writes on aspects of local dialect in his 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887) and "The Huguenot Element at Charleston's Provincialisms", published in the German journal. He believed the accent was based on English as pronounced by the early settlers, therefore it originated from the English Elizabethan and preserved by modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing Charleston accent is still listed in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some of the elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston native people ignored the 'r' and lengthened the first vowel, naming it as "Chah-l-ston".
Religion
Charleston is known as the "Holy City", probably because the churches stand out in the low-lying city landscape or because South Carolina is one of the few original colonies to tolerate all Protestant Christian denominations (though not Roman Catholics). The Anglican Church was dominant in the colonial era, and St. Luke and St. Paul is now the episcopal episcopal center in South Carolina. Many French Huguenot refugees settled in Charleston in the early 18th century. Episcopal Methodist Church Emanuel Africa is the oldest Episcopal Methodist church in Africa in the Southern United States and the oldest black congregation house in southern Baltimore, Maryland.
South Carolina has long allowed Jews to practice their faith without restrictions. Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, founded in 1749 by the Sephardic Jews of London, is the fourth oldest Jewish congregation in the continent of the United States and an important site for the development of Reform Judaism. Brith Sholom Beth Israel is the oldest Orthodox synagogue in the South, founded by Sam Berlin and the Ashkenazi Jews of Germany and other Central Europe in the mid-19th century.
The oldest Roman Catholic parish in town, Saint Mary of the Annunciation of the Roman Catholic Church, is the Roman Catholic main church in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. In 1820, Charleston was established as the city of Roman Catholic Diocese in Charleston, which at that time consisted of Carolina and Georgia, and currently includes the state of South Carolina.
Culture
Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional elements of the United States, Britain, France and West Africa. The downtown peninsula has earned a reputation for art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually at the end of spring, has become one of the world's premier performing arts festivals. Founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who seeks to form a partner of the Festival dei Due Mondi (Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.
Charleston's oldest community theater group, Footlight Players, has been providing theater production since 1931. Art venues include the historic Dock Street Theater. The annual Charleston Fashion Week, held every spring at Marion Square, presents designers, journalists and clients from across the country. Charleston is famous for its local seafood, which plays an important role in the city's famous cuisine, consisting of staples such as gumbo, crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry porridge, crab cakes, brown rice, shrimp and grits. Rice is a staple food in many dishes, reflecting the culture of rice in the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by English and French elements.
Annual cultural show and event
Charleston annually hosts the Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in various disciplines. Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Spoleto Piccolo festival takes place at the same time and features local artists and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Charleston Foundation House and Historic Festival and Charleston Antiques Show, Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, MOJA Arts Festival, and Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival. The Charleston Conference is a major library industry event, held in the city center since 1980.
Music
As is the case with every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz. In turn, Charleston music has an influence on the rest of the country. The geechee dance that accompanied the dock music workers in Charleston followed the rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake "Charleston Rag" and then "Charleston" by James P. Johnson, as well as the dance scene that defined the nation in the 1920s. "Ballin 'the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before Charleston, was written by Charlestonian Chris Smith.
The Jenkins Orphanage was founded in 1891 by Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage receives musical donations and Pastor Jenkins hires local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to teach boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient in a variety of instruments and able to read music proficiently. These traits make Jenkins musicians apart and help land some of their positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are just a few alumni from the band Jenkins Orphanage who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the time. Orphanages across the country are beginning to develop brass bands in the wake of the success of the Jenkins Orphanage Band. At the Brass Band of Waif's Brass House in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first begins to attract attention.
A total of five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parade of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the United States and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the drama "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story is headquartered in Charleston and features the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the original Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to transform his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the drama). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin said. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera and is widely performed.
To this day, Charleston is home to many musicians in all genres. A unique Charleston music heritage masterpiece is presented every week. "The Sound of Charleston.... from Gospel to Gershwin", staged at the historic Congregational Circular Church.
Music Farm concert venue opened in Charleston on Ann Street in 1991.
Live Theater
Charleston has a vibrant theater scene and is home to the first theater in America. In 2010, Charleston was listed as one of the top 10 cities in the world for theater, and one of the top two cities in the South. Most of the theater is part of the League of Charleston Theater, better known as Theater Charleston. Some of the city's theaters include:
- The Dock Street Theater, opened in the 1930s at the site of the first theater building built in America, is home to the Charleston Stage Company, South Carolina's largest professional theater company.
- The Sottile Theater is on the campus of The College of Charleston.
Museums, historical sites, and other attractions
Charleston is home to a number of professional sports teams, minor leagues, and amateurs:
- The Charleston Battery, a professional football team, plays in United Soccer League. Charleston Batteries play on Daniel Island at MUSC Health Stadium.
- The South Carolina Stingrays, professional hockey team, playing at ECHL. The Stingrays play in North Charleston at the North Charleston Coliseum. Stingray is an affiliate of the Washington Capitals and Hershey Bears.
- The Charleston RiverDogs, Minor League Baseball team, plays in the Southern Atlantic League and is an affiliate of the New York Yankees. The RiverDogs plays at Joseph P. Riley Jr. Park.
- Charleston Outlaws RFC is a rugby union club in Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South, and USA Rugby. It competes in the Men's 2nd Division against Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and Charlotte "B" clubs. The club also hosts rugby sevens tournaments over Memorial Day weekend.
- The Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association is a Gaelic athletics club that focuses on the sport of football lontar and Gaelic. The club competes in the Southeast Division of County Council of North America from GAA. The club has another division club in the Holy City Cup every spring.
- The Lowcountry Highrollers is an average female roller derby league in the Charleston area. The league is a local member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.
- The Family Circle Tennis Center organizes Major Women's Tennis Association Events such as Volvo Car Open. This facility is located on Daniel Island.
Other notable places in Charleston include Johnson Hagood Stadium (home of the Citadel Bulldogs football team) and Toronto Dominion Bank Arena in the College of Charleston, which houses 5,700 people who see basketball and school volleyball teams.
Books and movies
Books and movies have been installed in Charleston; some famous works are listed below. In addition, Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and television, both in itself and as a setting for the Southern and/or historic setting.
- Porgy (1925), by DuBose Heyward, adapted into drama in 1927. The folk Opera of George Gershwin Porgy and Bess (1935), based on the novel Porgy , is set in Charleston and partly written on Folly Beach, near Charleston. The movie version was released in 1959. The book series
- North and South by John Jakes, partly made in Charleston. The North and South miniseries are partially organized and filmed in Charleston.
- Part of the 1989 film Glory, starring Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, and Morgan Freeman, features the Second Battle of 1863 Fort Wagner on Morris Island.
- The Swamp Thing (1982) and The Lords of Discipline (1983) (based on a novel by Pat Conroy) were filmed partly in Charleston.
Economy
Charleston is a popular tourist destination, with a large number of hotels, inns, and bed and breakfasts, many restaurants featuring lowcountry cuisine and shops. Charleston is also a well known art destination, crowned as the top 25 art destination by AmericanStyle magazine.
Commercial shipping is important to the economy. The city has two delivery terminals, owned and operated by the South Carolina Port Authority, which is part of the fourth largest container port on the East Coast and the thirteenth largest container port in North America.
Charleston is becoming a popular location for information technology jobs and companies, and this sector has the highest growth rates between 2011 and 2012, largely due to Charleston Digital Corridor. In 2013, the Milken Institute ranks the Charleston region as the ninth best-performing economy in the US due to the growth of the IT sector. Leading companies include Blackbaud, SPARC, BoomTown, CSS, and Benefitfocus.
By June 2017, the average selling price for a house in Charleston was $ 351,186 and the average price was $ 260,000.
Government
Charleston has a powerful mayor-council government, with the mayor acting as chief administrator and municipal executive officer. The mayor also presides over city council meetings and has a voice, just like any other board member. The current mayor, since 2016, is John Tecklenburg. The Council has 12 members each chosen from single-member districts.
In 2006, residents of Charleston voted against Amendment 1, which sought to outlaw same-sex marriages in the state. Across the state, the measure went 78% to 22%, but Charleston voters rejected it by 3,563 (52%) to 3,353 votes (48%).
Fire Department
The Charleston City Fire Department is made up of 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate from 20 companies located all over the city: 16 machine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department. The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and has a Class ISO 1 rating until the end of 2008, when the ISO officially lowered it to Year 3. Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Chief Fire Officer until June 2008, and was replaced by Thomas Carr Chief in November 2008.
Police Department
The Charleston City Police Department, with a total of 458 sworn in officers, 117 civilians and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police force. Their procedures for reducing drug use and gang violence in cities are used as a model to other cities to do the same. According to a 2005 FBI Crime Reports report, Charleston's crime rate is worse than the national average in almost every major category. Greg Mullen, former Virginia Beach Deputy Head of Virginia Police Department, serves
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