Weapons electric shock are crippling weapons. It provides an electric shock aimed at disrupting temporary muscle function and/or causing pain without causing significant injury.
Many types of these devices exist. Stun guns, batons (or prods), and belts give electric shocks by direct contact, while Tasers (fired an electric gun) fires projectiles that regulate shock through flexible thin cables. Remote electrical shock projectors, which can be fired from ordinary rifles and do not need cables, have also been developed.
Video Electroshock weapon
History
In 1935 Ciril Diaz of Cuba designed electric shock gloves.
Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, began developing a Taser in 1969. In 1974, he completed the device, which he named after his childhood hero Tom Swift ("Thomas A. Swift's electric rifle"). The Taser Public Defender used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976. The cover patent was adapted by Nova Technologies in 1983 for Nova XR-5000, their first non-projectile style hand stun gun. The XR-5000 design is widely copied as the source for the handheld stun handgun used today.
Maps Electroshock weapon
Principle of operation
Electroshock weapon technology uses temporary electric voltage, low current electric current to replace the mechanism of the body muscle trigger. Commonly referred to as stun guns, electric shock weapons are the relatives of livestock, which have existed for over 100 years and are the forerunner of stun guns. The receiver is mobilized through two metal probes connected via cable to the electric shock device. The receiver feels pain, and can be temporarily paralyzed while the electric current is being applied. Essential for electric shock operations, fainting of weapons and livestock tools is enough current to allow weapons to stun. Without the current, these weapons can not make stun and the extent to which the weapon is capable of riveting depends on the proper use of the current. It is reported that applying electroshock devices to more sensitive body parts is even more painful. The maximum effective area for stun gun use is the upper shoulder, under the ribs, and the upper hip. High voltage is used, but since most devices use non-lethal currents, deaths usually do not occur from a single shock. The resulting "shock" caused by an uncontrollable muscle twitch, appears as a muscle spasm.
Most internal circuits of electroshock weapons are quite simple, based on both oscillators, resonant circuits (power inverters), and step-up transformers or diode-capacitor voltage multipliers to achieve high-voltage alternating current or continuous direct-current discharge. This may be supported by one or more batteries depending on the manufacturer and model. The amount of current generated depends on what capability is desired, but without proper current calculation, the causes and effects of high voltages are muted. The claimed output voltage is in the range of 100 V to 6 kV; the current intensity output is claimed to be in the range of 100 to 500 mA; the duration of individual impulses is claimed to be in the range of 10 to 100 Ã, μs (microseconds); the impulse frequency is claimed to be in the range of 2 to 40 Hz; the charged electric charge is claimed to be in the range of 15 to 500 Ã,ÂμC (microcoulomb); the delivered energy is claimed to be in the range of 0.9 to 10 J. The current output after contact with the target will depend on various factors such as target resistance, skin type, moisture, body salinity, clothing, electroshock internal circuitry weapon, discharge waveform, and battery condition.
Producer and manual instructions submitted with the product state that a half-second shock duration will cause intense pain and muscle contraction, surprising most people. Two to three seconds will often cause the receiver to become dazed and fall to the ground, and more than three seconds will usually completely lose its way and drop the receiver for at least a few seconds. TASER International warns law enforcement agencies that "prolonged or continuous exposure to the electrical charge of TASER devices" may cause medical risks such as cumulative exhaustion and respiratory distress.
Since there is no automatic dismissal of old-fashioned Taser weapons, many officers have used them repeatedly or for long periods of time, potentially contributing to the injury or death of the suspect. The current X26 model automatically stops five seconds after the trigger is pressed and then the trigger must be pressed again to send another surprise. Triggers can be held on hold for longer surprises or the device can be shut down before five full seconds elapse. The device has no protection against some police officers who provide some shocks, cumulatively exceeding the recommended maximum rate.
Countermeasures
There is a cloth intended to protect the wearer from Tasers or other electric shock weapons.
Commercially available varieties
Compact electric gun
A compact stun gun is about the size of a remote or a TV calculator, and they must touch the subject when in use. The original XR-5000 design in 1983 had electrodes spaced further apart to make a noisy electric arc between electrodes as a more visible warning. Some such devices are available disguised as other objects, such as umbrellas, cell phones or pens.
Electric shock prods
The larger baton-style prods are similar in basic design to livestock prods. It has a split metal tip into two parts which are electrically isolated from each other, or two thinly projected metal electrodes about 2.5 cm (1 inch) apart, at the end of the shaft containing the battery and mechanism. At the other end of the shaft is a handle and a switch. Both electrodes must touch the subject. In some types of sticks can be electrified to stop the subject from grasping a stick over the electrode.
Some models are made with long torch lights that are also designed to provide electric shocks with their illuminated tip metal surfaces (which are divided into two isolated parts of each other).
Stun belt
The shock belt is a belt that is fastened around the waist, leg, or arm of the subject that carries the battery and the control pack, and contains features to stop the subject from removing or removing it. The remote control signal is sent to notify the control packet to give the subject an electric shock. Some models are activated by subject movement.
The United States uses this device to control prisoners. One of its kind is REACT belt. Some stun belts can hold the subject's hand and have a string under his groin to stop it rotating the belt around his waist to reach the battery and control packets and try to disable it. Stun belts are generally not available to the public.
Stun shields
Stun shields are shielded with electrodes embedded in the face, originally marketed for animal control, which have been adopted to control melee.
Shooting an electric gun
Gunshot firing of two small electrodes such as arrows, which remain connected to the main unit by a conductor, to provide an electric current to interfere with the voluntary control of the muscle causes "neuromuscular disability".
Wireless remote wireless shock weapon
Taser International has developed a remote wireless electro-shock projectile called XREP (Current Range Electro-Muscular Projectile), which can be fired from a 12-gauge rifle. It contains a small high voltage battery. Its current range is 30 meters (98 feet), but the US Department of Defense, which funds development for technology, is expected to deliver this 90 meter (300 feet) range projectile from the company in 2007. A XREP projectile is controversial use by British police during hunting Northumbria Police 2010 It then happens that XREP has never been officially approved for use in the UK and the weapon system is given unsolicited to police at the scene instantly by a civilian company that distributes Taser International products in the UK. The company's license to provide the Taser system was later revoked by Home Affairs Minister Theresa May.
Design prototype
Due to the growing interest in developing non-lethal weapons, especially from the US Military, a number of new types of electric shock weapons are being investigated. They are designed to provide non-lethal weapons.
The electrolaser is a prototype weapon that uses lasers to make ionized channels conduct over the air.
Shockround is a piezo-electric projectile that generates and releases an electrical charge at impact.
The weapon that regulates electric shock through the liquid stream
Prototype electroshock guns exist that replace solid wires with conductive fluid streams (eg, saltwater), which offer a range of Tasers (or better) and possibly multiple shots. See electrification water cannon. According to proponents of this technology, the difficulties associated with this experimental design include:
- "Non-continuous" discharges to the subject: fluid flow requires more than 9 meters (30 ft) and more than 5 sec discharge
- "Pooling" conductive fluid on the subject base, making subject understanding difficult by observing officers
- Need to carry a large tank of used fluid, and a propellant tube, such as a "water gun", to regulate a succession of liquids in a row over a distance.
Another design, announced by Rheinmetall W & amp; M as a prototype in 2003, using aerosol as a conductive medium. The producers refer to it as "Plasma Taser"; However, this is just a marketing name, and its weapons do not use plasma. According to proponents of this technology, issues related to this design include:
- Poor electrical conductivity
- Minimum concept design span (gas can not be pushed more than 3 meters (9.8 ft) effectively)
- The "toxic gas effect": all subjects in a confined space are exposed to the same effect
Controversy
Because of the use of electricity and non-lethal weapon claims, controversy has evolved in certain incidents involving weapons and the use of weapons in general. In essence, the controversy has centered on justifying the use of weapons in certain cases, and, in some cases, health problems claimed for weapons use.
The tests conducted by the Cleveland Clinic found that Tasers did not interfere with pacemakers and implanted defibrillators. A study conducted by emergency medicine doctors at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Medical Center showed no lasting effects from Taser on healthy test subjects. However, Taser International no longer claims that the device is "non-lethal", but says they are "more effective and safer than other forced-use options".
Currently, Tasers are programmed to be activated in a five-second automatic sequence, although officers can stop the charge of energy at any time using a safety switch. The load can also be extended for more than five seconds if the trigger is held continuously. Operators can also cause repetitive shock cycles with each trigger pull as long as both barbs remain attached to the subject. The only technical limit to the number or length of the electrical cycle is the battery life, which can be ten minutes or more.
Concerns about the use of electric guns have arisen from cases that include the death of Polish immigrant Robert Dziekanski in Vancouver, BC airport where he died after the RCMP officers, regardless of his training, repeatedly surprised him with Taser. Report by forensic pathologist Charles Lee, of Vancouver General Hospital, listed the main cause of death as "sudden death during restraint," contributing to "chronic alcoholism."
A similar incident occurred in Sydney, Australia, to Roberto Laudisio Curti, a 21-year-old tourist from Brazil. He died after a Taser application repeated even after being physically arrested (by the weight of several police officers lying on top of him compressing his chest and making it difficult to breathe.) He sprayed pepper at the same time. The Coroner is very conscientious about the police "thuggish" behavior. The repetitive use of some Tasers is considered excessive and unnecessary.
Research conducted by Pierre Savard, Ing., PhD., Ecole Polythechnique de Montrà © Å © al, et al., For the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), shows that the energy threshold required to induce lethal ventricular fibrillation decreases dramatically with each consecutive. bursts of pulses; However, a single pulse can provide enough energy to induce a lethal ventricular fibrillation in some cases. Thresholds for women may be less.
Although Taser is a programmable device, the control software does not limit the number of bursts of pulses and time between bursts while the trigger is pressed continuously, or how many times the shock cycle can be repeated. Thus the design does not sufficiently reduce the likelihood that the victim's heart goes into lethal ventricular fibrillation.
Legal issues
Electroshock weapons have been made illegal in Germany with an additional 2 WaffG if they do not carry a formal approval stamp showing that they are not a health risk. As of July 2011, no seals were issued for any device in the market. According to Ã,§§ 40 Abs. 4 WaffG, German federal police can approve exceptions though. Specific approvals for purchases, holdings and holdings are valid until December 31, 2010. Since January 1, 2011, only devices carrying a valid PTB approval seal. Previous owners may store their devices, but can not carry or sell them. Effective electroshock weapons from a distance, such as airtasers, have been completely banned in Germany since April 1, 2008.
In the UK, the possession and purchase of any weapon from any description designed or customized for the disposal of liquids, gases, or other dangerous items is prohibited. These include electric shock weapons.
Torture
The UN Committee against Torture reported that the use of Tasers could be a form of torture, because of the acute pain it causes, and warns of possible deaths in some cases. The use of stun belts has been condemned by Amnesty International as torture, not only for the physical pain caused by the device but also because of its high potential abuse, as they are considered "harmless" in the event of causing an initial injury, like regular police rods. do. Amnesty International has reported several alleged cases of excessive use of electroshock weapons that may be torturous. They have also raised widespread concerns about the use of other electro-shock devices by American police and American prisons, as they can (and according to Amnesty International, sometimes) be used to inflict pain on individuals.
The stylists also should not leave any marks that may be possessed by conventional beatings. The American Civil Liberties Union has also raised concerns about its use, as the British human rights organization Resist Cardiac Arrest.
Legality
ArgentinaIn 2010, a court ruled against the use of five Tasers imported by the Metropolitan Police of Puerto Rico, to comply with claims from the Human Rights Observatory, which states that Tasers is considered an instrument of torture by NGOs and the Committee against Torture UN.
Australia
Ownership, possession and use of stun guns (including Tasers) by civilians is severely restricted, if not illegal in all States and Territories. Import to Australia is limited with the required permission.
The use of stun guns in Australian law enforcement is as follows:
- Australian Federal Police and Australian Capital Territory: used only by officers tied to Specialist Response Groups, Sergeant general duties in the ACT police and Aviation portfolio, and qualified members of the Support Specialist Team in regional offices.
- New South Wales: Used by general duties (patrols), supervisors/task officers and specialists are tied to Tactical and Public Order Operations Units and Riot Forces.
- Northern Region: Used both by common task (patrol) and Response Group of Territories.
- Queensland: Used both by public duty (patrol) and Special Emergency Response Team.
- South Australia: Used by all frontline Police, STAR Group, and Member State in limited capacity.
- Tasmania: Only used by the Special Operations Group
- Victoria: Used by the Critical Incident Response Team and the Special Operations Group. A year long trial at Bendigo and Morwell stations was also conducted by the general duty police.
- Western Australia: Used by general duty (patrol) and Tactical Response Group.
Austria
Austria allows police to use pistols, including Tasers. After using the Taser, the police should immediately call an ambulance. The victim should be medically examined immediately at the shooting site, and only medically trained people can remove the arrows. From 2006 to 2012, Austrian police used Tasers 133 times - 127 against humans and six against dogs. About 1,000 police are allowed in 2012 to carry and use Taser.
Brazil
The use of Taser is legal for the police. Its use is widespread especially in the Guardas Municipais (City Guard), which receives professional training in the use of an electro-conductive gun. Tasers are also used by military police and special forces. There is a law that allows its use by private security firms, but such use is unusual because of the cost of maintaining a Taser compared to ordinary rifles.
Canada
According to a previous interpretation of the Firearms Act, Tasers are considered "forbidden weapons" and may only be used by members of law enforcement agencies once they are imported into a country with special permission. Limited ownership of weapons must be licensed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Canada Firearm Program unless excluded by law. A 2008 review of the Firearms Act found that the action classifies "Taser Public Defenders and any variants or modified versions of it" as "forbidden weapons". However, Canadian police forces typically treat Tasers as "forbidden weapons", inconsistent with firearm restrictions.
The immediate source for this information comes from an independent report produced by the Compliance Strategy Group for Royal Canadian Mount Police. This report is called Independent Review of Adoption and Use of Energy Weapons Performed by Royal Canada Mounted Police. In the available reports through access to information, the authors argue that CEW, for several years after being adopted by the RCMP, is incorrectly characterized as a forbidden "weapon" under the Criminal Code, which is contrary to illicit "firearms".. This misunderstanding is then incorporated into the RCMP's operational policies and procedures as well as other police services in Canada.
Although the latest RCMP operational guidelines, completed in 2007, refer to CEW as a forbidden weapon, a number of consequences for errors in this classification must still be addressed, both by the RCMP and other Canadian police services. As a result, it can be argued that the police in Canada may not have the proper authority under the laws and regulations of their provincial Government to use CEW in the first place. The police's unauthorized use point was also raised by Dirk Ryneveld, Commissioner of British Police Complaints at Braidwood's investigation on June 25, 2008. Taser security and problems have been extensively trained and investigated after the Robert Dzieka incident? Taser skiing at Vancouver International Airport.
Czech Republic
Tasers are considered class A weapons under Czech law and are thus subject to the same level of rules as automatic weapons for example. Ownership is permitted only with the exception of special police. They are used limited by Czech Police.
Finnish
In Finland having a Taser is legal only for police officers. Police have been using Tasers since 2005. Currently there is one in almost every patrol car.
French
Tasers are used by the French National Police and the Gendarmerie. In September 2008, they were made available to local police with a government decision, but in September 2009, the State Council reversed a judgment that argued that the specificity of weapons required tighter rules and controls. However, since the assassination of a female policeman on duty, Taser has been used again by local police forces since 2010.
Germany
Purchases, possessions and carrying Tasers in Germany have been banned since April 1, 2008 (arms control law: Anlage 2, Abschnitt 1, Nr.3.3.WaffG ). But Tasers is being used by the police SWAT team, Spezialeinsatzkommando (SEK) and others, in 13 of the 16 German states.
Greek
Greek police use Tasers. Special Forces The Greek police used Taser to end the hijacking of a Turkish Airlines A310 by a Turkish citizen at Athens International Airport in March 2003.
Hong Kong
Under the laws of Hong Kong, Chapter 238 Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance , "Any portable device designed or adapted to stun or disable a person by using an electric shock applied either with or without direct contact with that person "is considered an 'arm' and therefore, the import, possession and export of Tasers requires a license from the Hong Kong Police Department. They are declared illegal, and the offense carries a penalty of up to a fine of $ 100,000 and 14 years in prison.
Iceland
Use of Tasers is generally prohibited in Iceland.
ireland
National police special units of Ireland (Garda SÃÆ'ochÃÆ'¡na) use the X26 model; Special Detective Unit, Emergency Response Unit and Regional Support Unit. Publishing Tasers to all (generally unarmed) troop members is currently being considered. Use of Tasers in Ireland by individual individuals is prohibited.
Israel
Israeli police have approved the use of Tasers. On February 16, 2009, the first Tasers became available to the police unit.
Israel Defense Forces first use
Tasers were first used by the Israeli Defense Force by a former special counter-terror unit of Force 100 in 2004. The unit was dissolved in 2006. Tasers are expected to re-enter operational use by the Israeli Defense Forces in the near future.
On August 18, 2013, the use of Tasers by Israeli police was temporarily suspended by Police Chief Yohanan Danino; after such instruments are used repeatedly and excessively by the police against a person suspected of unarmed and who is not against a justified arrest. But two weeks later Taser did not give up.
Kenya
Under the Kenyan Arms Law, Taser is considered a firearm, in accordance with section 2 (a) (ii) of the Act. This section offers one description for firearms as "a deadly firearm of any description from which shots, bullets or other missiles can be disposed of or that can be adapted for the disposal of shots, bullets or other missiles and including the electrical charge that when attacked any person or animal is sufficient power to shock and disable the person or animal that is attacked (a weapon commonly known as 'stun gun' or 'electronic paralysis').
Malaysia
Royal Malaysian police will become the second in South East Asia police after the Singapore Police used a stun Taser X26 stun gun. The X26-bought Taser Malaysian police are equipped with a sarong and use a non-rechargeable lithium battery capable of delivering 195 cartridge shots. Police on laps issued four cartridges. Tasers are issued to police in Petaling Jaya, Dang Wangi in Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru.
New Zealand
A large-scale experiment and generally well received by New Zealand Police saw Tasers presented nearly 800 times and fired more than 100 times, but the shooting was "ineffective" about a third of the time. The Tasers have been "accidentally dumped" more often than those used in running tasks.
In October 2012, police said Taser had been "extremely successful in life-threatening and potentially life-threatening situations". Since their introduction, Tasers has been presented 1320 times but only fired 212 times, resulting in 13 injuries. In July 2015, the Police Commissioner announced that Tasers would be routinely carried by all police officers.
Swedish
Tasers and other electronic control devices are considered firearms in Sweden and are forbidden for civilian use. Swedish police have purchased limited quantities of Tasers, and will start field trials when this was canceled in 2005 after ethical commissions found that the need for (and risk) the device was not well established. Tasers purchased were then donated to Finland, where field trials began. Police in Sweden will be on trial for the use of electric shock weapons in a move that has been welcomed by state unions for law enforcement. Trials in some parts of the country should begin in 2018.
United Kingdom
Tasers are considered "forbidden weapons" under the 1968 Arms Act and ownership is a violation. The maximum penalty for possession is ten years in prison and an unlimited fine. There is a minimum sentence of 5 years in prison if Taser is disguised as another object such as a torch or cell phone.
Taser gun is now used by some British police as a "less lethal" weapon. Also announced in July 2007, that the placement of Tasers by a specially trained police unit that is not a firefighter, but who faces similar threats of violence, will be trialled in ten police forces. The 12-month trial begins on September 1, 2007, and takes place in the following strengths: Avon & amp; Somerset, Devon & amp; Cornwall, Gwent, Lincolnshire, Merseyside, Metropolitan Police, Northamptonshire, Northumbria, North Wales and West Yorkshire.
Following the completion of the hearing, the Home Affairs Minister agreed on November 24, 2008 to allow the police chief of all troops in England and Wales, beginning December 1, 2008, to extend the use of Taser to a specially trained unit in accordance with the current Chief Police Association. policies and guidelines, stating that the Taser can only be used where officers will face violence or threats of violence with such severity that they need to use force to protect the public, themselves, and/or the subject (s).
Also, in Scotland the Strathclyde Police agreed in February 2010 to arm 30 specially trained police officers using Taser X26. The pilot will last three months and will be deployed in Glasgow City Center and Rutherglen.
Funds for more than 10,000 additional Tasers are being provided for chief police officers to bid on Tasers based on their own operational requirements.
United States
Court cases in recent years have discussed the legality of the use of Taser by police officers. In Bryan v. MacPherson , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal decides that Taser has been used in a manner which is an excessive force and is therefore a violation of the Fourth Amendment. In the last case Mattos v. Agarano , the same Court of Appeals found that in two situations involving the use of a Taser, one in the Stun Drive and one in the arrow mode, officers have used excessive force. According to an article in the Police Headquarters magazine, this decision implies guidelines for the use of Tasers and other Electronic Control Devices for compliance (in settings where safety is not an issue), including that officers should warn prior to each application , and that the suspect must be able to comply, with sufficient time to consider warnings, and to recover from the extreme pain of any previous Taser application; and that the Taser should not be used on children, elderly, and women who appear to be pregnant or notify their pregnant officer.
In 1991, Taser supplied by Tasertron to the Los Angeles Police Department failed to conquer Rodney King - even after he was electrocuted twice with officers who caused the device to believe he was on PCP. His lack of effectiveness is blamed on possible battery problems.
Legality
Taser devices are considered to be the same as firearms by the United States government for the purposes of the protection of the Second Amendment, the right to store and carry weapons. They can be legally brought (hidden or open) without permission in almost every state. Its use in Connecticut, Illinois, and Wisconsin is legal with restrictions.
In March 2016, the Supreme Court ruled at Caetano v. Massachusetts that the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts is mistaken in its reason for enforcing a law prohibiting possession of stun guns. Although the decision does not explicitly rule that the prohibition of unconstitutional artificial weapons, it creates doubts in the law that prohibits their ownership which causes many legal challenges and the subsequent legalization of stun gun possession in previously prohibited jurisdictions.
In 2018, Hawaii, New York, and Rhode Island maintained a ban on using stun guns, in addition to several local jurisdictions.
Hawaii
Hawaii maintains its ban on stun guns but more than one pending legal challenge.
Massachusetts
On April 17, 2018, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, at Ramirez v. Commonwealth , ruled that the 2004 ban against unconstitutional guns was unconstitutional.
Earlier, the US Supreme Court had ruled out the Supreme Judicial Court in the case of Caetano. However, when the case was suspended, the state rejected the allegations, allowing it to maintain a ban on stun guns at the time. The law remains in effect but is challenged in a separate lawsuit.
Michigan
In 2012, Michigan's ban on stun guns was unconstitutionalized by the Michigan Court of Appeals.
New Jersey
On November 15, 2016, it was reported that New Jersey Attorney General Christopher Porrino had admitted that the 1985 state ban on a pistol was unconstitutional. On April 26, 2017, the lawsuit was resolved by agreeing that the ban was unconstitutional and to disseminate regulations to allow stun gun ownership. The regulation allows people over 18 to buy stun guns, effective October 20, 2017.
New York
New York's ban on guns is being challenged by the Firearms Policy Foundation and Matthew Avitabile.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island maintains its prohibition of using stun guns without any known legal challenges.
Washington D.C.
On September 29, 2016, Washington D.C. announced that it intends to cancel its ban on guns in response to the lawsuit. The new law regulating stun guns for people 18 years or older came into effect on May 19, 2017. The Metropolitan Police Department issued a statement on the legality of anesthetic.
Virgin Islands
US Virgin Islands lifted their stun gun ban by 2016.
Wisconsin
In legalizing firearms concealed in 2011, Wisconsin also legalized possession of stun guns for people with licenses.
Locality in the state
Chicago
Chicago prohibits the sale of stun guns within its boundaries and imposes an application requirement followed by a 120-day waiting period to try to buy stun guns from out of town. Illinois law requires a license before having a stun gun in addition to some other restrictions.
Delaware localities
New Castle County, Newark, and Wilmington maintain their prohibition of using stun guns.
Iowa locality
Crawford County and Denison Town (which in Crawford County) prohibit stun guns.
Maryland Region
Anne Arundel County lifted its ban on stun guns in 2013 and Harford County did so in 2014. Howard County, facing a lawsuit over a ban on a gun, revoked its law on 21 February 2017; Annapolis chose to lift its ban on 27 February 2017; Baltimore County revoked its local regulation in April 2017; The Baltimore ban, in response to the lawsuit, was repealed on May 15, 2017. Ocean City maintains its ban but frees people with a hidden weapon license from the ban.
New Orleans
The ban on New Orleans stun guns was challenged in November 2016 and finally lifted on 3 April 2017.
Overland Park
Overland Park, Kansas lifted its stun gun ban by 2014.
Philadelphia
Philadelphia lifted a stun gun ban in 1977 at the end of October 2017.
Washington Region
Bellingham lifted its ban on stun guns in 2016. The ban on Tacoma was lifted on June 27, 2017. Ruston defended his ban.
See also
- Bug zapper
- Electrical fence
- Electric fly swatter
- Beef prod
References
External links
- Electric stun guns: alternatives to turn off power or compliance tools ?, University of Bradford, UK
- The Physical Effects of Shock Electrical Weapons
- "Use of Strength, Civil Litigation, and Taser" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , March 2005 (pp. 24-30)
- How Stuff Works - Stun Guns
Patent
- AS. Patent 8,843 - Electroplating apparatus - 1852 patents by Albert Sonnenburg and Philipp Rechten
- AS. Patents 2,805,067 - Electric guns - 1957 patents by Thomas D. Ryan
- AS. Patent 5,103,366 - Electric gun and electrical conductive fluid - 1989 patent by Gregory Battochi
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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