Gas lighting is the production of artificial light from the burning of gas fuels, such as hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, propane, butane, acetylene, ethylene, or natural gas.
Light is produced directly by a flame, generally by using a special mixture of illumination gas to increase the brightness, or indirectly with other components such as the gas mantle or the center of attention, with gas primarily serving as a fuel source.
Before electricity became widespread and economical to allow the general use of common, gas is the most popular method of outdoor and indoor lighting in cities and suburbs. Early gas lights are switched on manually, but many of the designs then light up on their own.
Today's lighting gases are generally used for camping, where the high energy densities of hydrocarbon fuels, combined with the modular properties of tubes (strong metal containers) enable bright, long-lasting light to be produced at low cost and without complicated equipment. In addition, some urban historic districts maintain gas street lighting, and gas lighting is used indoors or outdoors to create or maintain a nostalgic effect.
Video Gas lighting
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The initial lighting fuel consists of olive oil, beeswax, fish oil, whale oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, and similar substances. This was the most common fuel used until the end of the 18th century. Chinese records from 1,700 years recorded the use of natural gas at home for light and heat through bamboo pipes to residence. The period of Ancient China Spring and Autumn made the first practical use of natural gas for lighting purposes around 500 BC. where they use bamboo pipes to transport and carry saltwater and natural gas for miles.
General illumination precedes the invention and adoption of gas lamps by centuries. In 1417, Sir Henry Barton, Lord Mayor of London, ordained "lanterns with lights to hang on a winter night between Hallowtide and Candlemasse." Paris was first lit by orders issued in 1524, and, at the beginning of the 16th century, residents were instructed to turn on the lights in the windows of all the houses facing the street. In 1668, when some regulations were made to repair the streets of London, residents were reminded to hang their lanterns at the usual time, and, in 1690, orders were issued to hang light, or lights, every night as soon after dark, from Michaelmas to Christmas. By the General Council Act of 1716, all the housekeepers, whose homes faced any roads, pathways, or passageways, had to hang out, every dark night, one or more lights, to burn from six to eleven under the penalty one shilling as a fine for failing to do so.
In coal mining, collecting and escaping gases are known initially for their detrimental effects rather than their beneficial qualities. Coal miners describe two types of gas, one called moist choke and the other damp fire . In 1667, a paper detailing the effects of these gases was entitled, "Explanation of Wells and Earth in Lancashire who took Fire, with the Candle that approached it. Donated by Thomas Shirley, Esq was an eyewitness."
Stephen Hales was the first to get flammable liquids from actual coal distillation. His experiments with this object were related in the first volume of Static Vegetables, published in 1726. From the distillation of a hundred and fifty-eight grains of Newcastle's coal, he declared that he obtained one hundred and eighty inches cubic [2.9 L] of air, which weighs fifty-one grains [3.3 g], nearly a third of the total. "These results seem to have gone unannounced for several years.
In 1733, several gas-coal properties were detailed in a paper called, "Wet Basin Air Account in Batubasir Sir James Lowther, submerged in Twenty Meters of the Sea." This paper contains some striking facts related to flammability and other properties of coal-gas.
The main properties of coal-gas are shown to different members of the Royal Society, and show that after storing the gas for some time, it still retains its flammable capability. Scientists at that time still have not seen a useful purpose for it.
John Clayton, in extracts from letters in the Philosophical Transactions for 1735, called gas a "spirit" of coal and found his flammable ability by accident. This "spirit" happens to catch fire, by touching a candle when it is detached from a broken bone in one of its distillated ships. By preserving the gas in the bladder, he comforts his friends, by showing his combustible nature.
Maps Gas lighting
Initial technology
William Murdoch (sometimes spelled "Murdock") was the first to exploit flammability gas for practical lighting applications. He worked for Matthew Boulton and James Watt in their Foundry Soho steam engine working in Birmingham, England. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engine in tin mining in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, eventually setting coal gas as the most effective. He first lit his own home in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792. In 1798, he used gas to power the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 turned on its exterior in a general display of gas lighting, a light that astonished the locals. One of the employees at Soho Foundry, Samuel Clegg, saw the potential of this new form of lighting. Clegg left his job to set up his own gas lighting business, Gas Lighting and Coke Company.
A "thermolampe" used a gas that was distilled from patented wood in 1799, while German inventor Friedrich Winzer (Frederick Albert Winsor) was the first to patent a gas-coal lamp in 1804.
In 1801, Phillipe Lebon of Paris also used a gas lamp to illuminate his home and garden, and was considering how to light all of Paris. In 1820, Paris adopted a gas street lamp.
In 1804, Dr. Henry delivered a lecture on chemistry, in Manchester, where he showed how to produce gas from coal, and the facilities and advantages of using it. Henry analyzed the composition and investigated the properties of burned hydrogen gas. His experiments are many and accurate and made on various substances; after obtaining gas from wood, peat, various types of coal, oil, candles, & amp; c. he measured the light intensity of each source.
Josiah Pemberton, an inventor, for some time experimented on the nature of the gas. A resident of Birmingham, his attention may be awakened by the exhibition at Soho. Around the year 1806, he showed off gas lights in various forms and with extraordinary brilliance at the front of his factory in Birmingham. In 1808 he built a tool, which could be used for multiple uses, for Benjamin Cooke, a manufacturer of brass tubes, gold toys, and other items.
In 1808, Murdoch presented to the Royal Society a paper entitled "Gas Application Accounts of Coal for Economic Interest" in which he described the successful application of gas-coal to illuminate the formation of Messrs. Phillips and Lea. For this paper he was awarded the gold medal of Count Rumford. Murdoch's statements provide tremendous light on the comparative advantages of gas and wax and contain a wealth of useful information about production and management costs.
Though its history is uncertain, David Melville has been credited with the first house and street lighting in the United States, either in 1805 or 1806 in Newport, Rhode Island. The first recorded street lighting with gas was shown at Pall Mall, London, on January 28, 1807, by Frederick Albert Winsor. In 1812, Parliament gave the charter to London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, and the world's first gas company emerged. Less than two years later, on December 31, 1813, the Westminster Bridge was illuminated by gas.
When artificial lighting becomes more common, the growing desire for it becomes publicly available. This is partly because cities become safer places to travel after gas lights are installed on roads, reducing crime rates. In 1809, accordingly, the first application was made to Parliament to enter the company to speed up the process, but failed to pass. However, in 1810, the petition was renewed by the same parties, and although some opposition was met and the cost was considerable, the bill passed, but not without major changes; and London and Westminster Chartered Gas-Light and Coke Company were established. In 1816, Samuel Clegg obtained a patent for his horizontal rotational retort, his apparatus for purifying coal gas with lime cream, and for his rotational gas meter and self-acting governor.
Extensive use
Among the economic impacts of gas lighting is longer working hours in the factory. This is very important in the United Kingdom during the winter when the evenings are much longer. The factory can even work continuously for 24 hours, resulting in increased production. After successful commercialization, gas lighting spread to other countries.
In England, the first place outside London that had gas lamps was Preston, Lancashire, in 1816; This is due to the revolutionary Josephlight Preston Gaslight Preston Company, which finds the best way to get lighter gas lighting. The parish church there is the first religious building illuminated by gas lighting.
In America, Seth Bemis powered its gas-lit factory from 1812 to 1813. The use of gas lamps at Rembrandt Peale's Museum in Baltimore in 1816 was a huge success. Baltimore is the first American city with gas streetlights; Peale's Gas Light Company in Baltimore on February 7, 1817 turned on its first street lamp in Market and Lemon Streets (currently Baltimore and Holliday Road). The first private residence in the US was illuminated by gas has been identified as diverse as David Melville (c 1806), as described above, or William Henry, a bronze copper, at 200 Lombard Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816.
The history of the Russian gas industry began with the retired Lieutenant Pyotr Sobolevsky (1782-1841), who refined the design of Philippe le Bon for "thermolamp" and handed it to Emperor Alexander I in 1811; in January 1812, Sobolevsky was ordered to draw up a plan for gas street lighting for St. Petersburg. France's invasion of Russia delayed its implementation, but Governor-General St. Petersburg Mikhail Miloradovich, who has seen gas lighting in Vienna, Paris and other European cities, began experimental work on gas lighting for the capital, using the British apparatus to obtain gas from coal pits, and in the autumn of 1819, the first gas street lamp Russia was lit in one of the streets on Aptekarsky Island.
In February 1835, the Company for Gas Illumination St. Petersburg was founded; towards the end of the year, a factory for the production of gas lighting was built near the Obvodny Canal, using pit coal carried by ship from Cardiff; and, on September 27, 1839, 204 gas lamps were lighted ceremoniously at St. Petersburg.
Over the next 10 years, their numbers nearly quadrupled, reaching 800. In the mid-19th century, the main streets and capital buildings were illuminated: Palace Square, Bolshaya and Malaya Morskaya, Nevsky and Tsarskoselsky Avenues, Passage Arcade, Nobel Prize, Technical Institute and Fort Peter and Paul.
In 1817, at three stations of the Gas Chartered Company, 25 chaldrons (24 mÃ,³) of carbonated coal daily, producing 300,000 cubic feet (8,500 mÃ,³) of gas. The supplied gas lamp is equivalent to 75,000 Argand lamps, each producing a six-wax light. At City Gas Works, on Dorset Street, Blackfriars, three carbonized coal chaldron daily, providing gas equivalent to 9,000 Argand lamps. So 28 chaldron of carbonized coal every day, and 84,000 lamps supplied by the two companies only.
In this period the main difficulty in the manufacture of gas is purification. Mr. D. Wilson, from Dublin, patented a method for purifying gas-coal by means of chemical action of ammonia gas. Other plans made by Mr. Reuben Phillips, Exeter, which patented the purification of coal using dry chalk. Mr. G. Holworthy, in 1818, patented his method of purifying it by causing the gas, in a very dense state, to pass iron retortion heated to dark red.
In 1823, many towns and cities across England were illuminated by gas. Gaslight costs up to 75% lower than oil or wax lamps, which help accelerate its development and deployment. In 1859, gas lighting had to be found throughout England and about a thousand gas works sprang up to meet the demand for new fuels. Bummer lighting provided by gas allows people to read easier and longer. It helps stimulate literacy and learning, accelerating the second Industrial Revolution.
Oil and Gas emerge in the field as a coal gas rival. In 1815, John Taylor patented a tool for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention interested in "oil-gas" by the look of patent apparatus in Apothecary's Hall, by Taylor & amp; Martineau.
In 1891 the gas mantle was discovered by Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. This eliminates the need for a special illumination gas - a synthetic mixture of hydrogen and a hydrocarbon gas produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal or peat, to obtain a shining flame. Acetylene was also used from about 1898 for gas lighting on a smaller scale.
The illuminating gas is used for gas lighting, because it produces much lighter light than natural gas or water gas. Light-busting gases are much less toxic than other forms of coal-gas, but are less likely to be generated from a given quantity of coal. Experiments with coal refineries were described by John Clayton in 1684. The George Dixon pilot plant exploded in 1760, rearranging gas production for several years. The first commercial application was at the Manchester cotton mill in 1806. In 1901, the study of the defoliant effect of leaking gas pipeline led to the discovery that ethylene was a plant hormone.
Throughout the 19th century and into the first decade of the 20th, the gas was produced by coal gasification. In the later years of the nineteenth century, natural gas began to replace gas-coal, first in the US, and later in other parts of the world. In England, gas-coal was used until the early 1970s.
Theatrical usage
It took several years of development and testing before the gas lighting for the stage would be commercially available for use in cinemas. The gas technology will then be installed in almost every major theater in the world. However, the lighting with gas appliances will be short-lived because the invention of electric light bulbs will follow soon.
It takes about two hundred years for the gas to be accessible for commercial use. A Flemish alchemist, Jan Baptista van Helmont, was the first person to formally recognize gas as a material state. He will continue to identify several types of gases, including carbon dioxide. More than a hundred years later in 1733, Sir James Lowther sent some of his miners to work in a water pit for his mine. While digging a hole they hit a bag of gas. Lowther took a sample of gas and took it home to do some experiments. He noted, "The air that is inserted into the bladder... and fastened, can be carried away, and stored for several days, and after it is gently pressed through a small pipe to the flame of a candle, takes fire, and burns at the end of the pipe during the bladder urine is gently pressed to feed the flame, and when taken from the candle after it is turned on, it will continue to burn until there is no air remaining in the bladder to supply the fire. "Lowther has basically found the principle behind gas lighting.
Then in the eighteenth century William Murdoch would declare: "gases obtained by distillation of coal, peat, wood and other combustible substances are burned with great greatness after being burned... by doing so through tubes, it may be used as an economical substitute for lamps and candles. "Murdoch's first discovery was a lantern with a gas-filled bladder attached to the jet. He will use this to walk home at night. After seeing how well it worked, he decided to start his house with gas. In 1797, Murdoch would install gas lamps to his new home as well as the workshop where he worked. "This work is a large scale, and he next experiments to find a better way of producing, refining, and burning gas." Foundations have been laid for companies to start producing gas and other inventors to start playing by using new technology. This new technology will soon find its way onto the stage.
In the 19th century, gas stage lighting would change from rough experiments to the most popular way of lighting a theater stage. In 1804, Frederick Albert Winsor, a German, first showed how to use gas to light a stage in London at the Lyceum Theater. Despite the demonstrations and all the major research done in London, "in 1816 at the Chestnut Street Theater in Philadelphia was the world's earliest lit gas theater." In 1817 the Lyceum, Drury Lane, and Covent Garden theaters were all illuminated by gas. The gas will be brought to the building by "Miles rubber tube from an outlet on the floor called 'water joints' carrying gas to the border lights and wing lights". But before it is distributed, the gas comes through a central distribution point called the "gas table". The gas table is how brightness can "vary by regulating the gas supply, and the gas table, which allows control of separate parts of the stage, becomes the 'first stage switchboard'.
In the 1850s, gas lighting in theaters had spread almost throughout the United States and Europe. Some of the largest installations of gas lighting will be in large auditoriums, such as Theater de Chatelet, built in 1862. In 1875, the newly built Paris Opera. "The lighting system contains more than twenty-eight kilometers of gas pipeline, and its gas table is not less than eighty-eight shocks, which controls nine hundred and sixty gas jets." The theater that uses the most gas lighting is the Equestrian Astley Amphitheater in London. According to Illustrated London News "Everywhere white and gold meets the eye, and about 200,000 gas jets add to the glittering effects of the auditorium... such a rare glare and splendor is hardly ever witnessed, even in dreams."
The theater switches to gas lighting not only because it is more economical than using candles but also requires less labor to operate. With gas lighting, the theater no longer needs to have people taking care of the candles during the show, or having to light each candle individually. "It's easier to light the gas jets than the larger amount of wax in the air." The theater also no longer needs to worry about the wax dripping on the actors during the show.
Gas lighting also affects the actors. The actors can now use less make-up and their movements should not be exaggerated. The reason for this is because the stage is now brighter than before. What was once in the half-light stage is now in a fully lit stage. Production companies are so impressed by the new technology that some would say, "This light is perfect for the stage, one can get a truly magical brightness gradation."
The best thing that happens because of this change is the respect of the audience. No more screaming or chaos. Light pushes the actors further onto the stage behind the proscenium helping the audience concentrate more on the action taking place on stage than what is happening at home. Management has more authority on what happens during the show as they can see. Gaslight is the main cause of behavior change in theaters. It is no longer a place to mingle and sell oranges; now entertainment venues are respected.
There are six types of burners but four burners are really experimenting. The first burner used with this system was a single jet burner that produced a small flame. The burning tip is made of lead that absorbs heat which causes the fire to become smaller in size. It was found that the flame would glow brighter if the straight metal is mixed with other components, such as porcelain. Flat burners are created primarily to distribute gas and light evenly to the system. The fishtail burner is relative to a flat burner but manages to make fires brighter and less heat. The last burner that experimented was the Welsbach burner. Around this time the Bunsen burners are being used along with some form of electricity. The Welsbach is based on the idea of ​​Bunsen burners, still using gas, cotton nets with cerium and thorium embedded in Welsbach. This light source is named "gas mantle" which creates three times more light than a flame.
The instrument used to light the stage during the nineteenth century falls under a different classification. Street lights, border lights, groundbow, long, multiple lights, conical reflector floods, and spotlight points are mainly used during this period. This mechanism is directly on the stage that dazzles viewer's vision. Footlights cause the actors' costumes to burn if they get too close to the lights. These lights also cause disruptive heat both affecting both the audience and the actor. Again, the actors must adapt to these changes. They start burning their costumes and installing wires in front of the lights.
The border lights, also known as striplights, are rows of lights that hang horizontally on the fly. Color was added later by dying cotton, wool, and silk fabrics. The length is built in the same way as the border light, only these lights are mounted vertically behind the wing place. Bunch lights are a group of burners placed on a vertical base that is triggered directly from the gas line. The conical reflector can be attributed to the Fresnels currently in use. This customizable light box reflects rays whose size can be changed by a barndoor. The limelight points are similar to the current spotlight system. The instrument is used in the scene shops, as well as the stage.
Gas lighting does have some disadvantages. "Several hundred theaters are said to have burned in America and Europe between 1800 and the introduction of electricity in the late 1800s. Increased heat is unacceptable, and frontier lamps and wing lamps must be lit by long sticks with flames A piece of cotton at the end For years, year, an officer or a gas boy moves along a long line of jets, lighting them separately while the gas is detached from the entire row.The two actors and spectators complain of escaping gas, and the explosion sometimes results from its accumulation. "
These problems with gas lighting led to the adoption of rapid electric lighting. In 1881, the Savoy Theater in London used an incandescent lamp. When electric lighting was introduced to the theater stage, people who were still using gas-theater lighting developed a gas coat in 1885. "This is a honeycomb-shaped yarn impregnated with lime which, in miniatures, transforms bare gas fire into essentially, light lime. "Lighting electricity will slowly take over theater lighting. In the 20th century, electric lighting will produce a better and safer theater production. These productions will be comfortable to watch without smell, relatively little heat, and more freedom for designers.
Decline
At the beginning of the 20th century, most cities in North America and Europe had light-lit streets. However, around 1880 gas lighting for roads started to provide high voltage (3000-6000 volts) of direct current and arc lighting systems alternating current. This time period also sees the development of the first electric utility designed for indoor use. The new system by inventor Thomas Edison is designed to function similarly to gas lighting. For reasons of security and simplicity it uses direct current (DC) at a relatively low 110 volts to a bright incandescent light bulb. The voltage across the cable continues to decrease with increasing distance, and at low voltage power plants it takes about 1 mile (1.6 km) of lights. This voltage drop problem makes DC distribution relatively expensive and gas lighting maintains widespread use with new buildings that are sometimes built with dual piping systems of gas and power lines connected to each room, to diversify resources for lighting.
The development of a new alternating electric transmission system in the 1880s and '90s by companies such as Ganz and AEG in Europe and Westinghouse Electric and Thomson-Houston in the US solved the stress and distance problem by using high transmission line voltages, and transformers for voltage for distribution for indoor lighting. Alternating current technology overcomes many direct current constraints, enabling reliable and inexpensive power grid growth that eventually becomes the end of widespread use of gas lighting.
Modern outdoor use
In the 20th century, most cities with gas streetlights replaced them with new electric street lights. For example, Baltimore, the first US city to install gas streetlights, erased almost everything. The only token gas lamps are located on Jalan N. Holliday and Jalan E. Baltimore as the first gas lamp monument in America, established at that location.
However, gas lighting on the streets has not completely disappeared from some cities, and some municipalities that maintain gas lighting now find that it provides a pleasing nostalgic effect. Gas lighting also sees a resurgence in the luxury home market for those looking for historical authenticity.
The largest gas lighting network in the world is Berlin. With about 37,000 lights (2014), it holds more than half of all the gas street lights that work in the world. In central London about 1500 gas lamps are still operating, lighting the Royal Garden, outside of Buckingham Palace and almost the entire Covent Garden area. The Park Estate in Nottingham retains many of its original characters, including the original gas lighting network.
In the United States, more than 2800 gas lamps in Boston operate in the historic district of Beacon Hill, Back Bay, Bay Village, Charlestown, and other parts of the environment. In Cincinnati, Ohio, more than 1100 gas lights operate in areas that have been named historic districts. Gas lights also operate in the well-known French Quarter and outside the historic homes throughout the city in New Orleans.
South Orange, New Jersey, has adopted a gas lamp as a symbol of the city, and uses it on almost any street. Several other cities in New Jersey also maintain gas lighting: Glen Ridge, Palmyra, Riverton, and parts of Orange, Cape May and Cherry Hill. Riverside Village, Illinois, still uses its original gas headlights which are the original features of Frederick Law Olmsted's community plan. Manhattan Beach, California, has a gas lamp section where all the sidewalks are lit by common gas lamps. Disneyland has an authentic 19th-century gas lamp from Baltimore along "Main Street, USA." part of the amusement park.
Many gas utility companies will still quote fixed periodic rates for gas lamps that customers maintain, and some homeowners still use those devices. However, the high cost of natural gas lighting at least partially explains why a large number of older gas lamps have been converted into electricity. The rechargeable solar gas lamp controller can be easily installed into existing gas lamps to keep the lights off during the day and reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by 50%.
Modern indoor use
The use of natural gas (methane) for lighting indoors is almost extinct. In addition to generating a lot of heat, burning methane tends to release large amounts of carbon monoxide, a colorless and odorless gas that is more readily absorbed by blood than oxygen, and can be deadly. Historically, the use of lights of all kinds has a shorter duration than we would normally wear with electric lights, and in much breezy buildings, it is less caring and dangerous. There are no new gas coat gas suppliers prepared for use with natural gas; However, some old houses still have fixtures installed, and some period restorations have rescue gear attached, more for decoration than use.
New equipment is still made and available for propane (sometimes called "bottle (d) gas"), an oil refining product, which in many circumstances burns more carbon dioxide and water vapor. In some locations where public utility or kerosene utilities are not readily accessible or desirable, propane gas mantle lamps are still in use, despite increased availability of alternative energy sources, such as solar panels and small-scale wind generators, combined with improved lighting product efficiencies, such as fluorescent lamps compact and LED are also used. For occasional use in remote cabins and cottages, propane mantle lamps may still be more economical and less labor intensive than alternative energy systems.
Other uses
The bent tubes that are bent into letters are used to form signs of gas-lit advertisements, prior to the introduction of fluorescent lights, as early as 1857 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Gas lighting is still commonly used for camping lights. A small portable gas lamp, which is connected to a portable gas cylinder, is a common item on a camping trip. Mantle lights powered by evaporating gasoline, such as the Coleman lantern, are also available.
Gallery
See also
- Blau gas
- Carbide lights
- Limit Light
- List of light sources
- The sewer gas destructor lamp
- Thomas Thorp
- Tilley Lamp
References
- Notes
- References
- Baugh, Christopher. Theater, Performance and Technology: Development of Scenography in the 20th Century. 1st ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, and New York, NY: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2005. 24, 96-97.
- "Jan Baptista van Helmont.", EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica. EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica Online. EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica, 2011. Web. February 28, 2011. & lt; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260549/Jan-Baptista-van-Helmont>.
- Penzel, Frederick. Theater Lighting Before Electricity. 1 ed. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1978. pp.Ã, 27-152.
- Pilbrow, Richard. Stage Lighting Design: The Art, The Craft, The Life. 1st ed. , New York, Design Press, 1997. 172-176.
- Sellers, Hunton, and Merrill Lessley. Essentials of Stage Lighting. 2nd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. pp.Ã, 14-17.
- Wilson, Edwin, and Alvin Goldfarb. Theater Life: Theater History. 5th Edition. , New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008. pp.Ã, 364-367.
External links
- Pro Gaslicht e.V: The Association of Europe's Light Gas (Germany) Conservation Society. List of cities with gas lamps.
- Berliner Gaslaternen Pages about gas lighting in Berlin (Germany).
- Gaslaternen-Freilichtmuseum Berlin Museum is open about gas lighting in Berlin (Germany).
- Mirror of Literature, Entertainment, and Hint , Vol. X, No. 290, dated Saturday, December 29, 1827. The full text is available in Project Gutenberg.
- Open Door Sites - The 2nd Industrial Revolution
- About.com - Inventor of Light
- AC Power History
- 1/19/1901; Plants for Making Straight Gas And Water Lighting Gas
- 6/5/1875 De Guinon Gas Lighting System.
- Horstmann's automatic gas control - This is a time switch used to turn on and off gas in gas lamps around the UK.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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