Pickup is a transducer that captures or feels the mechanical vibrations generated by a musical instrument, especially a string instrument such as an electric guitar, and turns this into a reinforced electric signal using an instrument amplifier to produce music sound through the loudspeaker in the speaker box.
Signals from pickups can also be recorded directly. Most electric guitars and electric bass use magnetic pickup. Acoustic guitar, upright bass, and fiddle often use piezoelectric pickup.
Video Pickup (music technology)
Pengambilan magnet
A magnetic pickup is a transducer (especially a variable reluctance sensor) consisting of a permanent magnet with a material core such as alnico or ferrite, wrapped with a roll of several thousand rounds of fine enameled copper wire. Pickup is most often mounted on the body of the instrument, but can be attached to the bridge, neck or pickguard, as in an electro-acoustic jazz archtop guitar. The magnetic pickup used with the bass strings can be attached to the bridge. Permanent magnets create magnetic fields; the vibrating steel strings movement disrupt the field, change the magnetic flux and push the electric current through the coil. The pickup is then connected by a patch cable to the amplifier, which amplifies the signal to a force large enough to drive the loudspeaker. Pickup can also be connected to the recording equipment via a patch cable.
There may also be an internal preamplifier device mounted on an acoustic guitar or in an external box. When a preamp is used this way, it is between pickup and cable and can significantly reduce the equivalent impedance of the pickup coil.
Output
The magnetic pickup output voltage varies from 100 mV to over 1 V rms for some higher output types. Some high output pickups achieve this by using very powerful magnets, thus creating more flux and thus more output. This can damage the final sound because the magnetic pull on the strings can cause problems with intonation as well as dampen the string and reduce sustain. Other high output picks have more rounds of wire to increase the voltage generated by string movements. However, this also increases the resistance/output impedance of the pickup, which can affect high frequencies if the pickup is not isolated by the buffer amplifier or the DI unit.
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The wire winding in proximity to each other has an equivalent self capacitance, when added to any cable capacitance, resonates with winding inductance. This resonance can feature certain frequencies, giving typical tonal quality pickups. The more wire turns in the winding, the higher the output voltage but the lower this resonant frequency. The inductive source impedance attached to the transducer type makes it less linear than other pickup forms, such as piezo-electric or optical. The tonal qualities produced by this nonlinear, however, are subject to taste, and some guitarists and luthiers consider it superior to more linear transducers.
The external load usually consists of resistance (volume and tone potentiometer on the guitar, and any resistance to the ground at the amplifier input) and the capacitance between hot lead and shield on the guitar cable. The power cord also has capacitance, which can be a significant part of the overall capacitance system. This passive component arrangement forms a second-order low-pass resistive filter. Pickup is usually designed to give high impedance input, usually megohm or more, and low impedance load reduces the high-frequency response of the pickup due to the filtering effect of the inductance.
Humbuckers
Single coil pickup acts like a directional antenna and tends to take an electric hum (electromagnetic interference interference generated by power cord, power transformer, and fluorescent ballast ball in the area) along with a musical signal. The main parent consists of a fundamental signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on the frequency of the alternating current, and usually some of the harmonic content. The magnetic flux change caused by the electrical current connection with the pickup roll causes the voltage by the action of the transformer. Pickup is also sensitive to the electromagnetic field from the nearest cathode ray tube in a video or television monitor.
To overcome this effect, humbucking pickups were created by Joseph Raymond "Ray" Butts, but Seth Lover of Gibson also worked on himself. Ray Butts originally developed it himself and then worked with Gretsch. The first develop was a matter of debate, but Ray Butts was awarded the first patent ( U.S. Patent 2,892,371 ) and Seth Lover came next ( U.S. Patent 2,896,491 ).
A humbucking pickup, shown on the picture on the right, consists of two scrolls. Each coil is reversed upside down. However, six opposite magnetic poles are in polarity in every turn. Due to the ambient hum of the power-supply transformer, the radio frequency, or the electrical device reaches the coil as the usual mode noise, it induces the same voltage across each coil. Since the turns are reversed on each pickup coil, the induced voltage cancels off to each other. However, the signal from the guitar string multiplies, because the phase reversal caused by the magnet exits the phase. The magnet that comes out of phase along with the coil rolls coming out of phase puts the guitar string signals of each pickup in phase with each other. Therefore, the signal voltage is approximately doubled, if two coils are connected in series.
When the cables in series, as is most common, the overall inductance of the pickup increases, which lowers the resonance frequency and attenuates the higher frequencies, gives less trebly tone (ie, "fat") than either of the two single-picked coil components will give own. Since the two coils are connected in series, the resulting signal generated by the pickup is larger in amplitude, making it more capable of exceeding the initial stage of the amplifier.
An alternative cable puts coils in parallel buck. The same common-mode interference cable is generally breaking, while the number of string strings is summed. This method has a more neutral effect on the resonant frequency: the joint capacitance is doubled (which if the constant inductance will decrease the resonance frequency), and the inductance is halved (which will increase the resonance frequency without the change of capacitance). Clean no change in the resonant frequency. Pickup cables are rare, because guitarists expect humbucking to 'have a voice', and are not neutral. In fine jazz guitars, parallel cables produce a much cleaner sound, because the impedance of the derived source pushes the capacitive cable with higher low frequency attenuation.
A side-by-side humbucking pickup feels a wider part of the string (has a wider aperture) than a single-coil pickup. This affects the tone. By taking a larger part of the vibration string more lower harmonics are present in the signal generated by the pickup in relation to the high harmonics, resulting in a "fatter" tone. Humbucking pickups in a narrow form factor of a single coil, designed to replace a single-coil pickup, have a narrow aperture resembling a single coil pickup. Some models of this single-coil-replacement humbucker result in a more authentic resemblance to the classic single-coil tone than the full-size humbucking pickup of the same inductance, which shows that high-frequency rolloffs due to coil inductance are not the only factors in the sound.
Construction
Pickup has magnetic polepieces (with the exception of rail and lipstick tubes - one or two for each string). These polepiece centers must perfectly align with the string, or the suboptimal sound as pickup will capture only a portion of the vibrational energy of the string. Exceptions to this rule are the J-and P-style pickups (found on Fender Jazz Bass and Precision Bass, respectively) where two polepieces per string are positioned on both sides of each string.
In most of the strings the guitar strings are not parallel in parallel: they gather in the nuts and diverge on the bridge. Thus, bridges, necks and middle pickups usually have different polepiece distances on the same guitar.
There are some standards on pickup sizes and inter-pole string distances. Distance is measured either as a distance between 1 to 6 centers of polepieces (this is also called "E-to-E" space), or as the distance between adjacent polepieces centers.
Notation
Most electric guitars have two or three magnetic pickups, though more or less can be found in certain models. The pickup combination is called pickup configuration . This is usually denoted by simply writing down the pickup type in order from the pickup bridge through the middle pickup (s) to the neck pickup, using "S" for single-coil and "H" for humbucker. Popular pickup configurations include:
Konfigurasi yang jarang ditemukan adalah:
- S (Fender Esquire, Gibson awal Les Paul Juniors, Gibson Melody Maker, Danelectro U1, beberapa Telecaster)
- H (Gibson ES-165 Herb Ellis, Kramer Baretta, kemudian Les Paul Juniors)
- H-S (Hamer Californian Deluxe, Les Paul BFG, Squier '51)
- H-H-H (beberapa model Gibson Les Paul Goldtop dan Custom, Gibson SG-3, Gibson ES-5 Switchmaster (setelah 1957), Kramer Jersey Star, Ibanez Destroyer, Ibanez PGM200)
Examples of rare configurations used only by certain models include:
- H-S , but with a single coil in the middle (one Fender Jazzmaster model, Ibanez RG2011SC)
- H-S-S , but without space between the middle single coil and the humbucker of the bridge (Hamer Phantom with an angular neck pickup)
- H-H-S (some ESP Stephen Carpenter Models and Alembic Jerry Garcia Models)
- H-S-S-H (Steve Morse Signature Man Music)
- S-H (some Telecasters, Valentine's signature "Valentine" Music Man)
- S-H-H (some seven seven-string ESP Horizons)
- S-H-S (Wayender Kramer's Fender Signature)
Maps Pickup (music technology)
Piezoelectric pickup
Sensor
Many semi-acoustic and acoustic guitars, and some electric and bass guitars, have been equipped with piezoelectric pickup instead, or in addition, magnetic pickup. It has a very different sound, and also has the advantage of not taking other magnetic fields, such as the conductivity and feedback from the monitoring loop. In a hybrid guitar, the system allows for movement between magnetic pickup and piezo sound, or simultaneously blends the output. The guitar is solid-bodied with only a piezo pickup known as a mute guitar, which is usually used for practicing by an acoustic guitarist. Piezo pickups can also be built into electric guitar bridges for the conversion of existing instruments.
Most pickups for bent instruments, such as cello, violin, and double bass, are piezoelectric. It may lie on the bridge, placed between the foot of the bridge and the top of the instrument, or, less frequently, squeezed under the wings of the bridge. Some pickups are tied to the top of the instrument with removable putty.
Preamps
Piezoelectric pickup has a very high output impedance and appears as a capacitance in series with a voltage source. Therefore they often have a buffer amplifier mounted on the instrument to maximize the frequency response.
The piezo pickup gives the output a very wide frequency range compared to the magnetic type and can provide a large amplitude signal of the string. For this reason, buffer amplifiers are often supported from relatively high rail voltages (about Ã, Â ± 9 V) to avoid distortion due to clipping. A less linear preamp (such as a single FET amplifier) ​​may be preferred because of the softer clipping characteristics. Such amplifiers begin to distort faster, which makes the distortion less "buzzy" and less audible than the more linear but less forgiving op-amp. However, at least one study showed that most people can not distinguish between FET and op-amp circuits in the blind ratio of listening to electrical instrument preamps, which correlates with the results of formal studies of other types of audio devices. Sometimes, the piezoelectric pickup is used along with the magnetic type to provide a wider range of sound.
For early pickup devices using piezoelectric effects, see the phonograph.
Other transducers
Some pickup products are installed and used similar to piezoelectric pickups, but use different base technologies, such as electret microphone or condenser technology.
Double system retrieval
There are basically four principles that are used to turn the sound into alternating currents, each with pros and cons:
- A microphone records the air vibrations caused by the instrument. In general this technique guarantees good sound quality, but with two limitations: feedback and crosstalk.
- The contact pickup lists the vibrations of the instrument itself. They have the advantage of generating little feedback and no crosstalk at all. Although the sound quality is lower and thanks to its low price, the contact pickup (and especially the piezoelectric pickup) has become the most popular transducer.
- Magnetic retrieval. Magnetic picking, as applied in electric guitars, lists the vibrations of nickel or steel strings in a magnetic field. They have the advantage that they can connect directly to the amplifier (electric guitar), but in combination with the steel-string acoustic guitar, the sound tends to be electric. This is why acoustic guitarists usually choose a piezoelectric pickup, built in microphone, or both.
- electrostatic pickup. Another way is to use the change in capacitance between the string and the pickup plate. This electronic retrieval produces much higher dynamics than conventional pickups, so the distinction between soft and hard pick strikes is more pronounced than with other pickup types.
The amplification system with two transducers combines the quality of both. The combination of piezoelectric microphones and pickup usually results in better sound quality and less sensitivity to feedback, compared to single transducers. However, this is not always the case. Less commonly used combinations are piezoelectric and magnetic pickup. This combination works well for solid sound with dynamics and expression. Examples of dual system amplifier are Highlander iP-2, Verweij VAMP or LR Baggs dual source and D-TAR Multisource.
Multi-transducer retrieval
The Hexaphonic Pickup (also called divided pickup and polyphonic pickup ) has a separate output for each string ( Hexaphonic assumes six strings, as in the guitar). This allows separate processing and amplification for each string. It also allows the converter to sense the tone coming from the individual string signal to generate the record commands, usually in accordance with the MIDI protocol (digital interface music instrument). A hexaphonic pickup and converter are usually components of the guitar/synthesizer.
Such pickup is uncommon (compared to the usual), and only a few prominent models, such as the piezoelectric pickup on Moog Guitar. Hexaphonic pickups can be either magnet or piezoelectric or based on condenser principles such as electronicpickups
Optics
The optical pickup is a fairly new development that works by sensing the disturbance of rays by vibrating strings. The light source is usually an LED, and the detector is a photodiode or phototransistor. This pickup is completely resistant to magnetic or electrical interference and also has a very wide and flat frequency response, unlike magnetic pickup.
The optical pickup guitar was first shown in 1969 NAMM in Chicago, by Ron Hoag.
In 2000, Christopher Willcox, founder of LightWave Systems, launched a new beta technology for optical pickup systems using infrared light. In May 2001, LightWave Systems released their second-generation pickup, dubbed "S2." The S2 features Monolithic bridge LightWave Systems, six-channel motherboards, and a host of other improvements, making this technology more practical for use in both direct studio and recording settings.
Active and passive retrieval
Pickup can be active or passive. Pickup, other than the optical type, is an inherent passive transducer. "Active" pickup combines electronic circuits to modify the signal. "Passive" pickups are usually wire wounds around the magnet, and are the most commonly used type. They can generate electrical potential without the need for external power, even though their output is relatively low, and the output harmonic content is heavily dependent on entanglement.
Active pickup uses the same reluctant type sensor with passive pickup (although features such as the size of the coil wire and the number of reels can vary from that in passive pickup). Active pickup requires a source of electrical energy (usually one or two 9V batteries) to operate and includes an electronic preamp very similar to the preamp or buffer found in most amplifier circuits and effects. Circuits may be as simple as a single transistor, up to several operational amplifiers configured as active filters, active EQs, and other sound-forming features. The most common circuits incorporate JFET transistor technology, with common parts such as 2N5749 and J102 transistors, and TL061 and TL071 op amps. This circuit can be designed to provide a large gain range for a large number of possible output power. This circuit is almost identical to the preamplifier or buffer found in circuit amplifiers and effects. Unlike amplifier circuit preamps, the op amps used must have a low power design to optimize battery life, and they can not use rail-to-rail input power configuration due to low battery power. This limits the dynamic range of the circuit when compared to the rail circuit to the opamp preamp as found in most amplifiers. By adding an additional preamplifier/active pickup buffer can filter debilitate or improve the signal from the pickup. Any additional extra voltage added to the output signal will increase clipping and distortion in each subsequent chain amplification section. This additional distortion makes pickups popular among metal and rock guitarists.
The main disadvantage of an active pickup system is that the system requires a battery power source to operate the active circuit. Battery boundary circuit design and functionality, other than uncomfortable for musicians. Guitars with an active pickup may contain an audio filter, which reduces the dynamic range and slightly distorts a certain range. The high output active pickup system also has an effect on the amplifier input circuit. This is all it feels like. However, when comparing circuits with an oscilloscope or signal analyzer, every aspect of the buffer or preamplifier circuit can be enhanced by a design that incorporates a rail to a dual voltage supply preamplifier as found in most amplifiers. These can be designed with the same desired profits and desired filtration applied.
There are many claims made about active pickups that filter out the highest and lowest and remove individual frequencies while performing a large number of other magic features. Most of this is not true. The internal circuit used usually consists of one dual op amp chip. The first op amp is configured as a simple buffer with feedback loop to add some advantages. The second op amp is configured as a simple active low-pass filter or notch filter to minimize 60 Hz. PCB circuits are usually designed with passive filtering capacitors/network resistors due to space and cost. Any properties (high pass/low pass/notch/boost) of the desired active filter require an op amp, the active pickup does not include the 5-10 op amp required to complete most of what the advertiser claims.
Many bass players, notably Stanley Clarke, Flea, Victor Wooten, Abraham Laboriel, and Doug Wimbish use active bass pickups to produce their distinctive bass tones. Players who use active pickups for electric guitars include Lindsey Buckingham (Fleetwood Mac), Mick Thomson (Slipknot), James Hetfield (Metallica), Dino Cazares (Fear Factory) and Dave Mustaine (Megadeth).
Multi and stereo fetch with individual output
Rickenbacker is the first manufacturer to market stereo instruments (guitar and bass). Their own "Ric-O-Sound" circuit has two separate output jacks, allowing musicians to send each pickup to their own audio chain (effect device, amplifier, mixed console input).
Teisco produces a guitar with stereo options. Teisco divides the two halves into three upper strings and three lower strings for each output.
Guitar Gittler is an experimental guitar with six pickups, one for each string.
Gibson created a HD.6X Pro guitar that captures a separate signal for each individual string and sends it to the onboard analog/digital converter, then exits the guitar via Cat 5 Ethernet Cable. Output can be routed as a single mono signal summed to amplifiers or console recordings; or sending strings E, A, and D to one channel amp or recording and G, B, and E height to amp or separate channels; or send the output of all six individual strings to six amps or different channels.
See also
Note
References
- Brosnac, Donald (1980). Guitar Electronics: Workbook . Ojai, CA: d.B. Music Co. ISBNÃ, 0-933224-02-8.
- Tillman, Donald (2002). Effect of Position Response and Width of Pickup Guitar
- Wheeler, Tom (1992). American Guitars: illustrated history . Harpist. ISBN New York 0-06-273154-8
External links
- Guitar Pickup Simulation
- Properties of Magnetic Materials (chapters)
- Basic Electric Guitar Circuits - Pickup
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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