- This article refers to automotive technology. For the use of start-stop systems in telecommunications, see asynchronous serial communication .
In the car, the start-stop start-stop or stop-start system automatically turns off and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce the amount of time idling engine spends, thereby reducing fuel consumption and emission. This is very advantageous for vehicles that spend a lot of time waiting at traffic lights or often stopping in traffic jams. Start-stop technology can become more common with more stringent government fuel economy and emissions regulations. This feature is present in hybrid electric vehicles, but also appears in vehicles that do not have a hybrid electric powertrain. For non-electric vehicles fuel economy advantage of this technology is usually in the range of 3-10 percent, potentially as high as 12 percent. In the United States, waste outages are about 3.9 billion gallons of gasoline per year.
In manual transmission vehicles, stop-start is activated as follows: Stop the car and press clutch - move the gear lever to the neutral release clutch - then the engine stops. The machine will not stop if the car is moving, even if the steps are followed (note that this does not apply to all cars). The engine restarts when the clutch is pressed before selecting the gear to move the car. The machine can also be restarted if there is a power request from, for example, an air conditioning system.
Because car accessories such as compressors and water pumps are usually designed to run on a serpentine belt on a machine, the system must be redesigned to function properly when the engine is turned off. Typically, an electric motor is used to power this device.
This technology has also been used on Honda Motor scooters in the Asian market over the past decade. Their 125cc PCX model was released in 2010 for sale in Europe with this technology, although their North American models do not feature it.
Video Start-stop system
Characteristics
Technology starts/stops coming to Europe first, due to the difference in rules. 25 percent of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is spent on unemployment. In comparison, only about 11 percent of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test is spent idle. Activation start/stop depending on the specific driver input as well as operating conditions. The engine must reach the right temperature to get enough light from its catalytic converter and also to ensure proper lubrication and as easily as possible to restart.
With manual-gearbox car, the engine shutdown is usually equipped with full stop braking, gearbox in neutral release and clutch. Cars with automatic transmissions are turned off when braking stops completely - shut down is activated by the foot brake pedal currently in use when the car stops. If the car is slowed initially with manual use of the automatic gear box and the last stop is by using the handbrake, the machine will not die.
Maps Start-stop system
History
The first vehicle to use this technology is the Fiat Regata "ES" with the City-matic system and the Volkswagen Polo "Formel E" model of the 1980s. The Volkswagen Group also adopted it at Golf Ecomatic in 1994 and in Volkswagen Lupo "3L" and Audi A2 "3L" in 1999. Although this initial implementation was considered somewhat confusing by many drivers, and the high price failed to resulting in many commercial successes of this car, both Volkswagen Lupo and Audi A2 (in "3 liters" of their leverage) are more efficient than production cars available in the US at the time of its release.
Since the norm of Euro 5, more and more vehicles including such systems, regardless of price level. The Valeo system is included in CitroÃÆ'¡n, Peugeot, Smart, Land Rover, Volvo, while the Bosch system is included in Volkswagen, SEAT, Nissan or Fiat iwith various motorizations including Essence and Diesel. In 2010, Valeo declared the Start-Stop generation will both appear in the same year. This new generation is called Ã, Â «i-Stars». Bosch does the system work with automated cars.
Smart Idle Stop Smartda System avoids power reactivation: when stopped, the motor stops in a configuration that allows immediate start in 0.35 seconds.
The EcoDynamics ISG System provided by Kia uses Bosch, Valeo and Varta components.
Author and model
Bentley
The Stop-Start technology is fitted to Bentley for the first time in 2016 on the Bentayga model. Bentley system stops the engine when the car stops or moves slowly.
BMW
BMW includes technology in many cars and the MINI line for 2008 as part of the Efficient Dynamics brand. BMW has been interested in ways to reduce parasitic losses on machines, so the company takes the technology one step ahead. Instead of using the Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), BMW has used an enhanced starter which is a conventional starter, developed by Robert Bosch GmbH, which can withstand the increasing number of engine-starts in stop-start vehicles.
BMW has developed the system in such a way that the alternator is not activated most of the time. This means that the electrical components inside the vehicle usually run on battery power. When the battery needs to be charged or when it slows down or braking, the alternator is activated to recharge the batteries (regenerative braking). Because this battery has load characteristics that are very different from ordinary car batteries, BMW uses a type of absorbent glass mat instead.
Due to the use of regenerative braking, some have begun calling this type of system micro hybrid , a step under a mild hybrid system where the ISG can be used to help the engine or even move the vehicle.
CitroÃÆ'« n
CitroÃÆ' Â «n introduced a more refined system in C2 and C3 models in 2006, named" Stop and Start ". The CitroÃÆ'n implementation incorporates a SensoDrive automatic gearbox and an electronically controlled reversible alternator or integrated starter-generator (ISG). ISG, also known as an "integrated starter-alternator", incorporates the role of starter and alternator into a single unit; manufacturers include Valeo and Denso.
Fiat Group
Fiat introduced the system made by Robert Bosch GmbH in late 2008 at Fiat 500. Starting September 2009, Alfa Romeo also introduced the system in the Alfa Romeo Mito series that utilizes the Fiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT) 1.4L Turbo petrol MultiAir engine.
Ford
The end of 2010, Ford announced that its start-stop system, already in use in its hybrid and some major models in Europe, will be introduced in North America with the 2012 model, originally with a 4-cylinder engine and then proliferating into V6 and V8. Eventually this system will be available in all Ford vehicles.
In 2013, announced that start-stop technology will be brought to the second-generation Ford Fusion model, and build a start-stop system into the 2015 Ford F150 model for the first time as a standard feature rather than an option. Previously, only the 2.7-liter V-6 turbocharged version came with a stop-start, requiring a more powerful (and expensive) absorbent-glass-mat (AGM) battery that could handle constant cycling and heavier sweeping of vehicle accessories with engines die.
General Motors
In 2012 General Motors released the Chevrolet Malibu Eco model with eAssist technology, which incorporates start-stop technology with regenerative braking and electric drive under certain conditions.
In 2014 General Motors announced that Chevrolet Impala and Malibu will have a start-stop system (non-eAssist) across all models.
Hyundai
While both Kia Rio and Rio5 share a new 1.6L engine that is injected directly with its cousin Hyundai Accent/Verna (also newly redesigned for 2012), Hyundai did not mention this feature in their Accent line. The Hyundai 1.4 Guide has an ISG (Intelligent Stop & Go) system (in Israel).
Honda
Honda has been using the start-stop function for more than a decade through their light IMA hybrid system in the first generation Insight model in the domestic Japanese market since 1999. and more recently in the Civic Hybrid.
Jaguar
The Intelligent Eco Stop/Start Jaguar was first installed on the XF and XJ models in 2011 before being extended to all other ranges.
Kia
The redesign of 2012 Kia Rio and Rio5 (hatchback) debuted at the New York Auto Show 2011 announced with Intelligent Stop and Go (ISG) feature, or stop-start technology.
Kia claims a direct fuel injection and stop-start combination will offer 30MPG City/40MPG on the highway in a 6-speed manual and automatic transmission.
LandRover
In 2008 Land Rover installed Freelander with Stop/Start which could reduce fuel consumption and emissions by 10%. Starting 2016 all Land Rover and Range Rover models are equipped with Intelligent Eco Stop/Start .
Mahindra & amp; Mahindra
Mahindra was the first in India to launch a Hybrid Hybrid-based stop-start system in May 2000. It involved home-grown technology and first from the development of similar components such as Hall sensor-based neutral pedal sensors and couplings, and then a joint venture with Bosch for vehicles based on common rail.
Mazda
The i-Stop system, Mazda's first stop start system, detects which piston is in the best position to restart quickly, which is one in the stroke phase of combustion, in which air and fuel are inside the cylinder, ready to be switched on. The mixture in this cylinder is switched on by the spark plug, forcing the piston down, and with the partial aid of the starter motor, resulting in an instant restart of the engine near 0.35 seconds.
In 2011, Mazda announced i-ELOOP, a system that uses variable-voltage alternators to convert kinetic energy into electricity during decelerations. The energy stored in a double-layer capacitor, used to supply the power required by the vehicle's electrical system. When used in conjunction with Mazda's start-stop system, i-Stop, the company claims fuel savings of up to 10%.
Opel/Vauxhall
In 2010, Opel introduced Start/Stop on their EcoFLEX branded model . This system is used with the Family petrol engine 0, Ecotec and MGE as well as MultiJet, Circle L, and Family B.
Sunny
In India the car has been recalled by Sunny because of the disturbance.
Renault
Renault introduced this technology in all European models in 2010.
Roewe
In 2009, the 750-based Roewe Rover 75 was equipped with stop-start as standard with a 1.8 Rover K-series hybrid engine.
SAAB
The Start/Stop function is installed in the second generation of 9-5 2009. The button for controlling the system is placed next to the gearshift like the old SAAB ignition key.
Suzuki
Some car makers such as Suzuki have one additional small 12V lithium-ion battery in the car. The system is marketed as a "SHVS Mild Hybrid System" (Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki) and is available as an option at Ignis, Swift, Baleno in Europe.
Tata
Tata Motors introduced this system to their Tata Ace LCV.
Toyota
Toyota has been selling cars with a start-stop system on their internal combustion engine since 2009, and since 1997 in their Prius hybrid line. Toyota and Mazda introduced stop-start technology, available also outside Japan, in some of their 2009 model vehicles.
Volkswagen
Volkswagen began using a start-stop system with Polo Formel E with SSA around 1983. Later LL 3L, and after that in Polo, Golf and Passat BlueMotion, which also included weight gain and aerodynamics. The system is now common in the Volkswagen range, installed for all vehicles with the Bluemotion Technology package, although certain other models also have the technology. For Lupo 3L, with automatic manual gearbox and clutch, the engine stops four seconds after the car becomes stationary with the driver's feet on the brake pedal. No other action is required. Releasing the foot from the brake pedal starts the engine start and the car can be driven away. The gear lever stays in position D drive entirely. The same goes for the Audi A2 1.2TDi, which is almost mechanically identical.
Volvo
Volvo introduced their Start/Stop technology in 2009 under their DRIVe brand.
Worries
The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) raised the question of Honda's non-hybrid vehicle equipped with a company's 'Stop Termination' transmission in February 2001 due to concerns over "suddenly gliding ahead of the vehicle in automatic restart" - rather than "Crawling advanced gradually found in the current transmission design. "
Hybrid/electric aid vehicles barely experience delays in power from stopping, due to instantaneous power availability from the traction battery to the electric motor (s). Gasoline/microhybrids on the other hand generally experience slight delays (though fractions for a second).
Many people think that long-term use can lead to additional usage due to lack of oil lubrication. For crankshaft bearings half shells and big end bearings can be translated into high-speed rotary movements that often before the hydrodynamic film is formed. During this phase of lubrication, metal-to-metal contacts may occur between the crankshaft surface and the sliding bearing surface. This is not a problem when the number of machines is restarted on what is generally understood as a normal magnitude. However, in a vehicle with a start-stop system, this effect may require new technological solutions to avoid wear of premature bearing, depending on the driving cycle. As a result, future engines for start-stop applications need to be designed for 250,000 to 300,000 starts. Traditional bearing shells with aluminum or copper layers exhibit severe wear after only 100,000 cycles. In the system start stop, a short stop time keeps the engine and oil warm, maintaining the lubricant. Some applications do not use starter motor, thus eliminating the worries of wear and tear of starter motor. Mazda i-stop is used in the Mazda3/Axela line (in Europe and JDM) using combustion to revive their engine by sensing the piston position in the cylinder. They claim a quieter engine and a faster start in 0.35 seconds.
The start-stop system depends heavily on the battery. Tests show that AGM batteries are reduced in their ability to support start-stop functionality over time. [1]. While there are alternatives (NiZn, Lithium-Ion, superkapasitor, PbC), almost all car makers continue to use conventional AGM lead acid batteries.
Some car makers like Suzuki have one lithium-ion battery in the car.
America
In America, it is considered that stop-start systems can save between 3 and 5 percent of the use of gasoline. While when it stops and traffic lights are overwhelming for a long time, the savings could be 10 percent according to Ford. Nevertheless, some people consider the savings reduced to one mile per gallon (432 meters per liter). In the American market, it is considered to be available in 70 percent of Ford models, in all Buicks models, in some Cadillac/Chevrolet and the majority of Fiat/Chrysler vehicles Anyway, some American drivers have experienced technology. The reason why Mazda has no plans to introduce technology in the United States, although Mazda has offered it in Japan since 2010, American drivers say they shut down the Stop-start system.
Spokesman Robert Bosch considers it smooth. The technology to restart should be fast, smooth, no sound and little vibration. The company has sold about 15 million start-stop units in Europe between 2007 and 2016. According to him, when you take off the foot from the brake the car will start when you hit the gas pedal. Because only a few hundred milliseconds to turn on the motor. Also, a few seconds are required when the vehicle starts with a key. Stopping conditions may depend on several conditions. including sensors for engine monitoring and cabin temperature, air conditioning, stop-and-go motorway traffic, battery condition. According to the Environmental Protection Agency half of the people who own the technology will disable it. But according to a spokesman for Robert Bosch, "Once you get used to it, you'll wonder why the engine works when you stop, it's like brushing your teeth with water."
See also
- Idle reduction
- Microcar
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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