Architectural lighting design is a field in architecture, interior design and electrical engineering related to the design of lighting systems, including natural light, electric light, or both, to serve human needs.
The design process takes into account:
- The type of human activity where lighting should be provided
- Number of light needed
- The color of light as it can affect the view of a particular object and the environment as a whole
- Distribution of light inside the room to be illuminated, both indoors and outdoors
- Effects of the light system itself on users
The purpose of lighting design is the human response, to see clearly and without discomfort. The purpose of architectural lighting design is to further architectural design or building experience and other physical structures.
Video Architectural lighting design
Histori
Gas lighting is quite economical to illuminate the streets of big cities from the early 1800s, and is also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of the rich. The gas coat increases the luminosity of utility lighting and kerosene lamps. The next price drop comes with an incandescent light bulb powered by electricity.
Maps Architectural lighting design
Drafts
Architectural lighting design focuses on three fundamental aspects of building or space illumination. The first is the aesthetic appeal of the building, a very important aspect in the lighting of the retail environment. Second, the ergonomic aspect: the size of how many functions are played by lighting. Third is the issue of energy efficiency to ensure that light is not wasted by excessive lighting, either by illuminating unnecessary empty spaces or by providing more light than is necessary for aesthetics or tasks. Cultural factors also need to be considered; for example, bright light is a sign of wealth through much of China's history.
Daylight lighting
As the Sun passes across the sky, it may appear red, orange, yellow or white depending on its position. Sun color changes throughout the day are mainly caused by light scattering and not due to changes in black body radiation. The sky blue color is caused by Rayleigh spreading sunlight from the atmosphere, which tends to spread blue light more than red light.
For color based on body-black theory, blue occurs at higher temperatures, while red occurs at lower temperatures, cooler. This is the opposite of cultural associations associated with color, where red represents heat, and cold blue.
Schedule
The lighting fixtures come in a variety of styles for various functions. The most important function is as a holder for the light source, to provide a directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very simple and functional, while some are works of art in themselves. Almost any material can be used, provided it can tolerate excess heat and conforms to the safety code.
An important property of the lamp is the luminous efficiency or wall-plug efficiency, which means the amount of light that can be used radiates from equipment per energy used, usually measured in lumens per watt. Equipment that uses a replaceable light source also has the efficiency cited as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" around it. The more transparent lighting fixtures, the higher the properties. Shading of light will usually decrease efficiency but improve directionality and visual comfort probability.
PH-lamp is a series of lights designed by Danish designer and author Poul Henningsen from 1926 onwards. Lights are designed with some concentric shades to eliminate visual glare, just emitting reflected light, blurring the light source.
Photometric study
Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layout" or "point by point") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This allows architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether the proposed lighting arrangement will provide the intended amount of light. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases, these studies are referenced to recommended IESNA or CIBSE lighting practices for this type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects can be emphasized for safety or practicality (eg maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting specific areas). Special software is often used to create this, which usually combines the use of two-dimensional digital CAD images and lighting simulation software.
The color temperature for the white light source also affects its use for certain applications. The color temperature of the white light source is the temperature in the kelvin of the theoretical black body emitter that best matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. Incandescent light bulbs have a color temperature of about 2800 to 3000 kelvins; during the day about 6400 kelvin. Lower color temperature lights have more energy in the yellow and red parts of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures match lights with more than a blue-and-white appearance. For a critical examination or color matching task, or to display the retail of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamp will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. Colors can also be used for functional reasons. For example, blue light makes it difficult to see the veins and thus can be used to prevent drug use.
The color temperature of the light source is the ideal body-black radiator temperature that emits light from a hue that is proportional to the light source. Color temperature is a visible light feature that has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics, horticulture, and other fields. In practice, the color temperature is only meaningful for the actual light source corresponding somewhat closer to the radiation of some black bodies, that is, on the lines of redness/orange through yellow and more or less white to bluish white; it does not make sense to talk about color temperature, for example, green or purple lights. Color temperature is conventionally expressed in absolute temperature unit, kelvin, has a unit symbol K.
For building interior lighting, it is often important to take into account the color temperature of the lighting. For example, warmer light (ie, lower color temperatures) is often used in public areas to promote relaxation, while colder light (higher color temperature) is used to improve concentration in the office.
CCT dimming for LED technology is considered a difficult task, since binning, age and drift temperature effects of LEDs change the output of the actual color values. Here feedback loop systems are used for example with color sensors, to actively monitor and control the color output of many color mixing LEDs.
The color temperature of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the ideal black body is defined as its surface temperature in kelvin, or alternatively in mired (micro-reciprocal kelvin). This allows the standard definition used to compare light sources.
Categorize different lighting
As long as the hot surface emits thermal radiation but is not the ideal body-black radiator, the light color temperature is not the actual temperature of the surface. The incandescent lamp is thermal radiation, and the bulb is close to the ideal body-black radiator, so the color temperature is essentially the filament temperature.
Many other light sources, such as fluorescent lamps, or LEDs (light emitting diodes) emit light primarily by processes other than thermal radiation. This means that the emitted radiation does not follow the shape of the black body spectrum. These sources are assigned what is known as the correlated color temperature (CCT). CCT is the color temperature of the body-black radiator which according to human color perception best matches the light from the lamp. Since such an approach is not necessary for incandescent, the CCT for incandescent lamps is simply an unadjusted temperature, derived from a comparison to a black body radiator.
Method
For a simple installation, hand calculations based on tabular data can be used to provide acceptable lighting designs. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on computers.
Based on the position and height of fixture fixtures, and their photometric characteristics, the proposed lighting layout can be checked for uniformity and quantity of illumination. For larger projects or with irregular floor plans, lighting design software can be used. Each fixture has a location inserted, and reflections of walls, ceilings, and floors can be entered. The computer program will then generate a set of contour charts overlaid on the project plan, indicating expected light levels at work height. More sophisticated programs may include light effects from windows or skylights, enabling optimization of operating costs of further lighting installations. The amount of sunlight received in the internal space can usually be analyzed by calculating daylight factors.
The Zonal Cavity method is used as the basis for hand calculations, tabulations, and computers. This method uses the reflective coefficient of the surface of the room to model the contribution to useful lighting at the working level of the room due to the light reflected from the walls and ceiling. Simplified photometric values ​​are typically provided by the equipment manufacturer for use in this method.
Outside flood lighting computer modeling is usually directly from photometric data. The total lighting power of the lamp is divided into small dense corner areas. Each area is extended to the surface to be ignited and the area calculated, giving the light strength per unit area. Where many lights are used to illuminate the same area, each contribution is summed. Again the level of tabulation light (in lux or foot-candles) can be presented as contour lines of constant lighting values, lined in project plan drawings. Hand calculations may only be needed at some point, but computer calculations allow for better estimates of uniformity and lighting.
International professional organizations
The Illuminating Engineering Society of Australia and New Zealand was founded in 1930 during the Great Depression.
The International Lighting Designers Association (IALD) was established in 1969, and the current mission is "to serve IALD membership worldwide by promoting the visible success of its members in practicing lighting design." The organization creates a new attitude toward the profession and elevates the architectural lighting design profile, one of its main goals.
The Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA) was formed in 1993 as the European Lamp Designers Association (ELDA, then ELDA). Until late in 2014, it was with IALD one of the main authorities regarding architectural lighting design.
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) seeks to improve the bright environment by bringing together those who have the knowledge of lighting and by translating that knowledge into actions that benefit the public.
The National Council on Qualification for Profession Lighting (NCQLP) is a non-profit organization established in 1991 to serve and protect public welfare through effective and efficient lighting practices. Through a peer-reviewed process, NCQLP sets education, experience, and examination requirements for initial certification throughout the lighting profession. NCQLP has established a certification process in which practitioners in lighting and related fields, through testing, demonstrate their knowledge and experience throughout the lighting profession. Those who successfully complete the NCQLP Lighting Certification Test are entitled to use LC (Certified Lighting) designations after their name for professional purposes.
The International Commission on Enlightenment (CIE) is an organization "devoted to international cooperation and information exchange among its member countries on all matters relating to science and the art of lighting." CIE works globally to develop and publish standardized lighting design and best practice documents.
Professional Lighting & amp; The Sound Association (PLASA) represents the interests of many lighting designers and manufacturers, some of whom are involved in the Architectural lighting market. PLASA is UK-oriented, but represents companies at European and International levels.
With an increased global focus on green design and energy codes, lighting design and its role in sustainability have become better known, resulting in a number of specialized lighting trade publications and increased coverage in architectural publications.
Terminology
- Hidden light
- Protective housing is hidden behind a ceiling or wall, leaving only the equipment itself open. Ceiling-mounted versions are often called downlights.
- "Cans" with various lights
- Jargon for cheap downlighting products that are hidden to the ceiling, or sometimes for spotlights placed on the floor. Its name comes from a housing form. The term "pans lamp" is often used in Canada and parts of the US.
- Gulf Light
- Hidden in the ceiling in a long box on the wall.
- Floor light
- TrofferÃ,
- Fluorescent lamps are hidden, usually rectangular to enter the falling ceiling box.
- Light mounted on the surface
- Exposed housing, not flush mounted with surface
- Chandelier
- Hanging light
- Suspended from ceiling by chain or pipe
- SconceÃ,
- Provides lights up or down; can be used to illuminate artwork, architectural details; commonly used in aisles or as an alternative to overhead lighting.
- Track lighting fixtures
- Individual equipment ("track head") can be positioned anywhere along the track, which provides power.
- Lamp under the cabinet
- Installed under kitchen cupboards
- Emergency or exit lights
- Connected to a battery backup or to an electrical circuit that has emergency power if the power fails
- High and low-bay lighting
- Usually used for general lighting for industrial buildings and often big-box stores
- Strip or Industrial lighting
- Often fluorescent lamp length lines are used in warehouses or factories
- Outdoor lighting and landscape lighting
- Used to illuminate footpaths, parking lots, highways, exterior buildings and architectural details, parks and parks.
- BollardÃ,
- An outer architectural lighting type which is a short, upright unit on the ground that is normally used to provide lighting of the cutoff type for outlet lighting, for light walkways, steps, or other pathways.
- Street light
- Flood lighting
- Usually fitted with pole or stanchion - for landscape, highway, and parking lot
Light type
Types of electric lighting include:
- Incandescent light bulb
- Arc Lights
- Gas release lamps (eg fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, metal halide lamps, modern photographic flashes)
- Laser
- Light emitting diode (LED), including OLED
- Sulfur lamp
Different types of lamps have very different light efficiency and color. [1]
* The color temperature is defined as the black body temperature that emits the same spectrum; This spectra is very different from the black body.
The most efficient electric light source is a low pressure sodium lamp. This produces, for all practical purposes, monochromatic orange/yellow light, which gives the monochromatic same view of each illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally used for the use of public outdoor lighting. Low-pressure sodium lamps are preferred for general illumination by astronomers, because the light pollution they produce can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectrum.
Incandescent light bulb
Modern incandescent light bulbs, with tungsten circular filaments, were commercialized in the 1920s developed from carbon filament lamps introduced around 1880. As well as lights for normal lighting, there was a very wide range, including low voltage, low-frequency power often used as components in equipment, but now largely superseded by LEDs
Currently there is interest to ban certain types of filament lamps in some countries, as Australia plans to ban standard incandescent light bulbs by 2010, as they are inefficient in turning electricity into light. Sri Lanka has banned importing filament lamps due to high electricity usage and low light. Less than 3% of the input energy is converted into usable light. Almost all of the input energy ends up as heat which, in warm climates, must then be removed from the building by ventilation or air conditioning, often generates more energy consumption. In cold climates where heating and lighting are required during the winter and darker months, hot byproducts have at least some value.
Halogen lamp
Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescents, due to successful operation of bulb temperatures over 200 Â ° C are generally required. For this reason, most have a fused bulb (quartz), but sometimes aluminosilicate glass. These are often sealed in an additional glass layer. Outer glass is a safety precaution, reduces UV emissions and because halogen bulbs can sometimes explode during surgery. One reason is if the quartz bulb has an oily residue of the fingerprint. The risk of burns or flames is also greater with empty lights, which leads to restrictions in some places except covered by luminaires.
Fluorescent lamp
The fluorescent lamp consists of a glass tube containing mercury vapor or argon under low pressure. Electricity that flows through the tube causes the gas to release ultraviolet energy. The inside of the tube is coated with phosphors that emit visible light when struck by ultraviolet energy. has a much higher efficiency than an incandescent lamp. For the same amount of light produced, they typically use about a quarter to one-third of the incandescent forces.
LED light
Solid state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been popular as indicator lights since the 1970s. In recent years, its efficacy and output have increased to the point where LEDs are now used in niche lighting applications.
The LED indicator is known for its very long lifespan, up to 100,000 hours, but the lighting LED is operated much less conservatively (due to the cost of LEDs per watt), and consequently has a much shorter lifespan.
Because the cost per watt is relatively high, LED lights are most useful at very low power, typically for lamp assemblies below 10 W. LEDs are currently most useful and cost-effective in low power applications, such as night lights and flashlights. Colored LEDs can also be used for accent lighting, such as for glass objects, and even in fake ice cubes for drinks at parties. They are also increasingly used as holiday lighting.
The efficiency of LEDs varies in a very wide range. Some have lower efficiency than filament lamps, and some are significantly higher. The performance of LEDs in this case tends to be misinterpreted, because the directionality attached to the LEDs gives them a much higher light intensity in one direction per total given light output.
Single color LEDs are well developed technology, but white LEDs at the time of writing still have some unresolved issues:
- CRI is not very good, resulting in less accurate color rendition.
- The light distribution of the phosphor does not fully match the light distribution of the die LED, so the color temperature varies at different angles.
- The performance of the phosphor is degraded over time, resulting in changes in color temperature and decreased output. With some decrease LEDs can be very fast.
- The limitation of heat tolerance means that the amount of power that can be packed into the lamp assembly is a fraction of the power that can be used in similar-sized incandescent lamps.
LED technology is useful for lighting designers due to low power consumption, low heat generation, on-and-off controls instantaneously, and in the case of single color LEDs, color diode lifetime continuity and relatively low manufacturing cost.
In recent years, software has been developed to combine lighting and video by allowing lighting designers to stream video content into their LED fixtures, creating low-resolution video walls.
See also
References
External links
- Glossary lighting design
- International Lighting Designers Association
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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