Allotment is a controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods or services, or artificial demand restrictions. Allotment controls the size of the ration, which is part of the permitted resources that are distributed on a given day or at any given time. There are many forms of rationing, and in western civilization one experiences some of them in everyday life without realizing it.
Allotment is often done to keep the price below the market-clearing price determined by the unlimited supply and demand process of the market. Thus, rationing can supplement price control. Examples of rationing in the face of rising prices occurred in various countries where there was a rationing of gasoline during the energy crisis of 1973.
The reason for setting prices lower than would remove the market may be a shortage, which will drive market prices very high. High prices, especially in terms of necessities, are undesirable with regard to those who can not afford them. Traditionalist economists argue, however, that high prices act to reduce the scarcity of scarce resources while also providing incentives to generate more.
Rationing using ration stamps is just one type of price rationing. For example, rare products can be rationed using queues. This is seen, for example, at amusement parks, where people pay the price to enter and then do not have to pay anything to ride the ride. Similarly, in the absence of road pricing, access to roads is rationed in the first queue process, first served, leading to congestion.
Authorities that introduce rationing often have to deal with rations that are sold illegally on the black market.
Video Rationing
Civil Ration
Allotments have been instituted during wartime for civilians. For example, everyone can be given a "ration coupon" that allows him to buy certain products every month. Allotment often includes food and other necessities that are lacking, including materials needed for war effort such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing and fuel.
Food and water rationing may also be required during emergencies, such as natural disasters or terror attacks. In the US, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has set guidelines for civilians on rationing food and water supplies when replacements are not available. According to FEMA standards, everyone should have at least 1 US liters (0.95 × L) per day of water, and more for children, lactating mothers and the sick.
Origins
The military siege often results in shortages of food and other essential goods. In such circumstances, rations allocated to a person are often determined by age, gender, race or social status. During the Lucknow Siege (part of the Indian Revolt of 1857) a woman received three quarters of the food allowance received by a man and the children received only half of it. During the Ladysmith Siege in the early stages of the Boer War in 1900 white adults received the same food rations as the army while the children received half. Food rations for Indians and blacks are significantly smaller.
The first modern allotment system was brought during the First World War. In Germany, due to the influence of the British blockade, the allotment system was introduced in 1914 and continued to expand over the following years when the situation worsened. Although Britain does not suffer from a food shortage, as the sea lanes remain open for food imports, panic buying towards the end of the war encourages the first sugar rationing and then meat. It is said that most benefit the health of the country, through 'increased consumption of essential foodstuffs'. To help rationing, the ration book was introduced on July 15 1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat and sugar. During the war, the average caloric intake only decreased by three percent, but the protein intake was six percent. Food rations appeared in Poland after the First World War, and ration stamps were used until the end of the Polish-Soviet War.
Second World War
Allotment became common during the Second World War. Seat stamps are often used. These are coupons or coupons that can be redeemed, and each family is numbered each type of postage stamp based on family size, age of children and income. The UK Food Ministry perfected the allotment process in the early 1940s to ensure the population did not starve when food imports were severely curtailed and local production limited due to the large number of people fighting.
The allotment on a scientific basis was spearheaded by Elsie Widdowson and Robert McCance at the Department of Experimental Medicine, Cambridge University. They work on the chemical composition of the human body, and on the nutritional value of the different flours used to make bread. Widdowson also studied the impact of the baby's diet on human growth. They studied the different effects of salt and water shortages and produced the first table to compare various nutritional content of food before and after cooking. They co-wrote the Food Chemistry Composition, first published in 1940 by the Medical Research Council. Their book "McCance and Widdowson" is known as the bible of nutritionists and forms the basis for modern nutritional thinking.
In 1939, they tested whether the British Empire could survive only with domestic food production if the U Boat terminated all imports. Using the 1938 food production data, they feed themselves and other limited diet volunteers, while simulating the toughest wartime physical work that might be done by the British people. The scientists found that the health and performance of the subjects remained very good after three months. They also lead the addition of the first vitamins and minerals mandated to food, starting by adding calcium to the bread. Their work became the basis of the wartime austerity diet promoted by Food Minister Lord Woolton.
The British war diet was never as bad as the Cambridge study because American imports had avoided U Boats, but rationing improved British health; infant mortality decreased and life expectancy increased, discounted deaths caused by hostilities. This is because it ensures that everyone has access to a varied diet with enough vitamins.
The first commodity to be controlled is gasoline. On January 8, 1940, bacon, butter and sugar were rationed. This is followed by successive ration schemes for meat, tea, jam, biscuits, breakfast cereals, cheese, eggs, lard, milk and canned and dried fruits. Fresh vegetables and fruit are not rationed but supplies are limited. Many people grow their own vegetables, strongly motivated by the highly successful 'winning' motivation campaign. The most controversial is the bread; it was not rationed until after the war ended, but the "national bread" of wheat bread replaced the usual white varieties, to the resentment of most homemakers who felt soft, gray and easily blamed for digestive problems. Fish are not rationed but prices are rising rapidly during the war.
In the summer of 1941 the British appealed to Americans to preserve food to provide more to go to Britain at war in the Second World War. The Office of Price Administration warned Americans of shortage of gasoline, steel, aluminum, and electricity. He believes that with factories turning to military production and consuming many important supplies, rationing would be necessary if the country entered the war. This sets the allotment system after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In June 1942, the Joint Food Council was formed to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies, with special attention to currents from the US and Canada to the United Kingdom.
The first American civilians received a ration book - War Ransum Book Number One, or "Sugar Book" - on May 4, 1942, through more than 100,000 school teachers, PTA groups and other volunteers. Sugar is the first consumer commodity rationed. Bakery, ice cream makers and other commercial users receive rations of about 70% of normal use. Coffee is rationed nationally on November 27, 1942 to 1 pound (0.45 kg) every five weeks. At the end of 1942, the ration coupon was used for nine other items. Typewriters, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, silk, nylon, fuel oil, stove, meat, lard, butter and oils, cheese, butter, margarine, processed foods (cans, bottles, and frozen), dried fruits , canned milk, firewood and coal, jam, jelly and fruit butter were rationed in November 1943.
The work of publishing the ration book and the exchange of stamps used for certificates is handled by approximately 5,500 local ration councils of mostly voluntary workers elected by local officials. As a result of gasoline allotment, all forms of auto racing, including the Indianapolis 500, are banned. All rations in the United States ended in 1946.
In the Soviet Union, food was rationed from 1941 to 1947. In particular, the daily bread ration compressed by Leningrad was initially set at 800 grams. By the end of 1941, bread rations were reduced to 250 grams for workers and 125 for everyone, resulting in a death spurt caused by hunger. Starting from 1942 the daily bread ration increased to 350 grams for workers and 200 grams for others. One of the period documents is Tanya Savicheva's diary, which records the death of each member of his family during the siege.
Allotment was also introduced to a number of British monarchies, and colonies, with rationing of clothing worn in Australia, from June 12, 1942, and certain foodstuffs from 1943. Canada rationed tea, coffee, sugar, butter and mechanical parts, between 1942 and 1947. The Cochin, Travancore, and Madras States of Britain from Britain chose the wheat quota between the autumn of 1943 and Spring 1944. While Egypt introduced a card-based subsidy, an important foodstuff, in 1945, which survived into the 21st century, 21.
Peacetime rationing
The rationing of civilian peace times has also occurred in history, especially after natural disasters, during emergencies, or after the failed government's economic policies on production or distribution, most recently mainly in highly concentrated planned economies.
In Britain, the allotment system persisted for many years after the end of the War. In some ways it was tighter after the war than during that time - the two main ingredients that were never rationed during the war, bread and potatoes, continued the ration after that (bread from 1946 to 1948, and potatoes for the time of 1947). Tea still used ration until 1952. In 1953, the rationing of sugar and eggs ended, and in 1954, all rationing finally ended when cheese and meat came out of the ration. Sugar was again rationed in 1974 after Caribbean producers began selling to the more profitable US market.
Many centrally planned economies introduced a system of peaceful allotment due to food shortages in the postwar period. North Korea and China did so in the 1970s and 1980s, Communist Romania during the 1980s, the Soviet Union in 1990-1991, and from 1962-now in Cuba.
A good example of this system is Poland. In the immediate post-war period, rationing was done until 1948. The shortage of food products was common in Poland at the time, but the food rations also served other purposes. Cards are not distributed evenly by prominent Communist authorities - udarniks, known in Poland as przodownicy pracy, are entitled to as many as 3700 calories daily, while some white-collar workers receive as little as 600 calories per day. day. Allotment includes more than food products. From April 1952 to January 1953 and from August 1976 to November 1985 stamps were introduced for shoes, cigarettes, sugar, sweets, liquors, soaps, baby diapers, tires, and cars.
From 1949 to 1959, Israel was under an austerity regime, in which an allotment state came into force. Initially, only staples such as oil, sugar, and margarine were rationed, but then expanded, and eventually included furniture and footwear. Every month, every citizen will get a 6 pound sterling meal of Israel, and each family will be given some food. The average Israeli diet is 2,800 calories per day, with extra calories for children, the elderly, and pregnant women.
After the 1952 reparations treaty with West Germany, and the subsequent entry of foreign capital, Israel's increasingly fierce economy was supported, and in 1953, most of the restrictions were canceled. In 1958, the list of goods ration was narrowed to only eleven, and in 1959, it narrowed only jam, sugar, and coffee.
Petroleum products were rationed in many countries after the 1973 oil crisis.
refugee relief quarters
Aid agencies, such as the World Food Program, provide food rations every two weeks and other important things to refugees or internally displaced persons enrolled in UNHCR and living in refugee camps or supported in urban centers. Every registered refugee was given a ration card at the time of registration used to collect rations from the food distribution center. The 2,100 kcal amount allocated per person per day is based on minimum standards and is often not achieved, as in Kenya.
According to article 20 of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees refugees should be treated at least as citizens in relation to rationing, if there is a general allotment system in place, which is used for the general population.
Maps Rationing
Other types
Health care allotment
As the United Kingdom's Commission on National Health Service observed in 1979, "regardless of spending on health care, demand is likely to increase to meet and exceed it." The allotment of health care to control costs is considered an explosive issue in the US, but in reality health care is rationed everywhere. In places where the government provides health rationing is explicit. In other places, people are not getting treatment due to lack of personal funds, or because of decisions made by insurance companies. The US Supreme Court approved paying doctors for ration treatment, saying there must be "some incentives linking physician rewards to treatment rationing". Organ deficiency for donations forces organ rationing to transplant even when funds are available.
See also Healthcare allotment in the United States
Allotment of credit
Concepts in the economy and banking credit rationing describe the situation when banks restrict the supply of loans, even though they have sufficient funds for loans, and the supply of loans has not matched the demand of prospective borrowers. Changing the loan price (interest rate) does not balance the demand and supply of loans.
Carbon rationing
Individual carbon trading refers to the proposed emissions trading scheme in which the emission credit is allocated to adult individuals on an equivalent per capita basis, within the national carbon budget. Individuals then hand over these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuals who wish or need to transmit at the above levels permitted by their initial allocation will be able to engage in emissions trading and purchase additional credits. In contrast, those who radiate at the rate below that allowed by their initial allocation have the opportunity to sell their credit surplus. Thus, individual trades under Private Carbon Trading are similar to the trading companies under the EU ETS.
Private carbon trading is sometimes confused with carbon offsetting because of the same idea of ​​paying emissions allowances, but it is a very different concept that is designed to be mandatory and to ensure that countries reach their domestic carbon emissions targets (rather than trying to do so through international channels trade or offsetting).
See also
References
Note
Bibliography
- Ventilator Allocation in the Influenza Pandemic, New York's Task Force for Life and Law report, 2007.
- Matt Gouras. "Frist Defends Filming of the Flu for Congress." Associated Press . October 21, 2004.
- Stiglitz, J & amp; Weiss, A. (1981). Allotment of Credit in the Market with Incomplete Information, American Economic Review, vol. 71, pages 393-410.
External links
- Are You Ready ?: An In-Depth Guide to Citizens Preparedness - FEMA
- Brief description of World War I rationing - Spartacus Education
- Brief description of the allotment of World War II - Memories of the 1940s
- Ration Coupon on Home, 1942-1945 - Duke University Digital Library Collection
- The looting of World War II on the US homepage, illustrated - Ames History Society
- A link to a 1940s newspaper clippings on rationing, especially the Book of World War II - Genealogy Today
- Tax Allotment
- The Recipe of Victory: Food and Cooking in the War
- the time of war in England
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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