Telemetry is an automated communication process that measures and collects other data at remote or inaccessible points and is sent to the receiving equipment for monitoring. This word comes from the Greek root: tele = remote, and metron = measure. Systems that require external instructions and data to operate require telemetry partners, telecommunications remotely.
Although this term generally refers to the mechanism of wireless data transfer (for example, using radio, ultrasonic or infrared systems), this term also includes data transferred through other media such as telephone or computer networks, optical links or other cable communications such as power lines. Many modern telemetry systems utilize low cost and GSM networks everywhere using SMS to receive and transmit telemetry data.
Telemeter is a tool used to measure quantity from a distance. It consists of sensors, transmission lines, and display, recording, or control devices. Telemeters are physical devices used in telemetry. Electronic devices are widely used in telemetry and can be wireless or preprogrammed, analog or digital. Other technologies are also possible, such as mechanical, hydraulic and optical.
Telemetry can be routed to allow transmission of multiple streams of data in a fixed frame.
Video Telemetry
History
Telemetering information via wire has its origins in the 19th century. One of the first data transmission circuits was developed in 1845 between Russia's Tsar's Winter Palace and army headquarters. In 1874, French engineers built a weather sensor system and snow depth at Mont Blanc that sent real-time information to Paris. In 1901 American inventor C. Michalke patented selsyn, a circuit to transmit synchronized rotation information to great distances. In 1906 a set of seismic stations was built by telemetering to the Pulkovo Observatory in Russia. In 1912, Commonwealth Edison developed a telemetry system to monitor electrical charges in its power grid. The Panama Canal (completed 1913-1914) uses an extensive telemetry system to monitor locks and water levels.
Wireless telemetry made an early appearance in radiosonde, developed simultaneously in 1930 by Robert Bureau in France and Pavel Molchanov in Russia. Modulated temperature system and Molchanov pressure measurement by converting it into wireless Morse code. The German V-2 rocket uses a primitive multiplexed radio signal system called "Messina" to report four rocket parameters, but it is very unbelievable that Wernher von Braun once claimed that it was more useful to watch rockets through binoculars. In the US and USSR, the Messina system was quickly replaced by a better system (in both cases, based on pulse-position modulation).
The early Soviet missile and space telemetry systems developed in the late 1940s used either pulse-position modulation (eg, Trem telemetry systems developed by OKB-MEI) or pulse-modulation (eg, the RTS-5 system developed by NII- 885). In the United States, early work used a similar system, but was subsequently replaced by pulse code modulation (PCM) (for example, on Mars Mariner 4 probes). Then Soviet interplanetary probes used redundant radio systems, telemetry transmission by PCM on the decimeter band and PPM on centimeter bands.
Maps Telemetry
Apps
Meteorology
Telemetry has been used by weather balloons for meteorological data transmission since 1920.
Oil and gas industry
Telemetry is used to deliver drilling mechanics and uphole formation evaluation information, in real time, as wells are drilled. This service is known as Measurement during drilling and Logging when drilling. Information obtained thousands of feet underground, while drilling, is sent through drill holes to surface sensors and demodulation software. Pressure waves (there) translate into useful information after DSP and noise filters. This information is used for evaluation of Formation, Drilling Optimization, and Geosteering.
Motorcycle racing
Telemetry is a key factor in modern motor racing, allowing racing engineers to interpret data collected during tests or races and use them to precisely set the car for optimal performance. The systems used in series such as Formula One have advanced to the point where the potential lap times of the car can be calculated, and this time is what the driver is expected to meet. Examples of measurements on race cars include acceleration (G-forces) in three axes, temperature readings, wheel speed, and suspension removal. In Formula One, the driver input is also recorded so that the team can assess the driver's performance and (in case of accident) the FIA ​​may determine or override the driver error as a possible cause.
Subsequent developments include two-way telemetry that allows engineers to update the calibration of the car in real time (even while out on a track). In Formula One, two-way telemetry emerged in the early 1990s and consisted of a message display on the team's updated dashboard. Its development continued until May 2001, when it was first permitted in the car. In 2002, the team was able to change the engine mapping and disable the engine sensors from the pits when the car was on track. For the 2003 season, the FIA ​​banned two-way telemetry from Formula One; However, this technology can be used in other types of racing or road cars.
Telemetry has also been applied in yacht racing at Oracle Racing, USA 76.
One way telemetry systems have also been applied in R/C race cars to get information by car sensors such as: engine RPM, voltage, temperature, throttle.
Transportation
In the transportation industry, telemetry provides meaningful information about the vehicle or the performance of the driver by collecting data from the sensors inside the vehicle. This is done for various reasons ranging from monitoring staff compliance, insurance rating to predictive maintenance.
Agriculture
Most activities related to healthy crops and good crops depend on the availability of weather and soil data in a timely manner. Therefore, wireless weather stations play a major role in disease prevention and precision irrigation. These stations transmit the parameters required for decision making to the base station: air temperature and relative humidity, rainfall and wet leaves (for disease prediction models), solar radiation and wind speed (to calculate evapotranspiration), water deficit flow sensors (WDS ) and soil moisture (essential for irrigation decisions).
Because the local microclimate can vary significantly, the data must come from within the plant. Monitoring stations usually transmit data back with terrestrial radio, although sometimes satellite systems are used. Solar power is often used to make stations independent of power grids.
Water management
Telemetry is important in water management, including water quality and flow measurement functions. Major applications include AMR (automatic meter reading), groundwater monitoring, leak detection in distribution pipes and equipment monitoring. Having data available almost in real time allows quick reaction to events on the ground. Telemetry control allows engineers to intervene with assets such as pumps and to shift the pump remotely depending on the circumstances. The telemetry basin is an excellent strategy on how to implement a water management system.
Defense, space and resource exploration
Telemetry is used in complex systems such as missiles, RPVs, spacecraft, oil rigs, and chemical plants as it allows the automatic monitoring, warning and recording required for efficient and safe operation. Space agencies such as ISRO, NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and other agencies use telemetry and/or telecommunications systems to collect data from spacecraft and satellites.
Telemetry is essential in the development of missiles, satellites and aircraft because the system may be destroyed during or after the test. Engineers need critical system parameters to analyze (and improve) system performance. In the absence of telemetry, this data is often not available.
Space science
Telemetry is used by manned or unmanned spacecraft for data transmission. Distance of more than 10 billion kilometers has been covered, for example, by VoyagerÃ, 1.
Rocketry
In a rocket, telemetry equipment is an integral part of the rocket range assets used to monitor the position and health of the launch vehicle to determine the various criteria for terminating flight safety (Its range of objectives is for public safety). Problems include extreme environments (temperature, acceleration and vibration), energy supply, alignment of the antenna, and (at a distance, for example, in outer space) travel time signals.
Flight Flight testing
Currently almost every type of aircraft, missile, or spacecraft carries a wireless telemetry system when tested. Aeronautical mobile telemetry is used for the safety of pilots and people in the field during flight tests. Telemetry from the on-board flight test instrumentation system is a major source of real-time measurement and status information transmitted during unmanned and unmanned test aircraft.
Military intelligence
Interrupted telemetry was an important source of intelligence for the United States and Britain when Soviet missiles were tested; for this purpose, the United States operates a postal service in Iran. Finally, Russia discovered the US intelligence-gathering network and encrypted their missile test telemetry signals. Telemetry is also a source for the Soviets, who operate the listening vessels at Cardigan Bay to eavesdrop on British missile tests conducted in the area.
Energy monitoring
In factories, buildings and homes, energy consumption systems such as HVAC are monitored in several locations; related parameters (eg, temperature) are sent via wireless telemetry to a central location. Information is collected and processed, enabling the most efficient use of energy. Such systems also facilitate predictive maintenance.
Resource distribution
Many resources must be distributed over a large area. Telemetry is useful in these cases, as it allows systems to channel resources where they are needed; examples of this are tank farms at refineries and chemical plants.
Medical/healthcare
Telemetry is used for patients (biotelemetry) at risk for abnormal cardiac activity, usually in the coronary care unit. Telemetry specialists are sometimes used to monitor many patients with hospitals. Such patients are equipped with measuring instruments, recording and transmitting. Log data can be useful in diagnosing patient's condition by doctor. A reminding function can alert a nurse if the patient has an acute (or dangerous) condition.
The system is available in medical-surgical nursing for monitoring to exclude heart conditions, or to monitor responses to antiarrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone.
New and emerging applications for telemetry are in the areas of neurophysiology, or neurotelemetry. Neurophysiology is the study of central and peripheral nervous systems through the recording of bioelectric activity, whether spontaneous or aroused. In the neurotelemetry (NT) electroencephalogram (EEG) of the patient is monitored remotely by a registered EEG technologist using advanced communications software. The goal of neurotelemetry is to recognize a decline in the condition of the patient before signs and physical symptoms are present.
Neurotelemetry is identical to real-time EEG video monitoring and has applications in epilepsy monitoring units, neuro ICU, pediatric ICU and newborn ICU. Due to the labor-intensive nature of ongoing EEG monitoring, NT is typically performed in larger academic teaching hospitals using in-house programs that include R.EEG Technology, IT support staff, neurologists and neurologists and monitoring of support personnel.
The speed of modern microprocessors, software algorithms, and video data compression enables hospitals to centrally record and monitor sustainable digital EEG from several critically ill patients simultaneously.
Neurotelemetry and EEG monitoring continuously provide dynamic information about brain function that allows early detection of neurological status changes, which is particularly useful when clinical examination is limited.
Fisheries and wildlife research and management
Telemetry is used to study wildlife, and has been useful for monitoring threatened species at the individual level. Animals studied can be equipped with instrumentation tags, which include sensors that measure temperature, depth of diving and duration (for marine animals), speed and location (using GPS or Argos packages). Telemetry tags can inform researchers about their animal behavior, function, and environment. This information is then stored (with an archive label) or tags can send (or send) their information to a satellite or handset device. Catching and marking wild animals can put them at risk, so it's important to minimize this impact.
Retail
At a 2005 workshop in Las Vegas, a seminar noted the introduction of telemetry equipment that would allow vending machines to communicate sales and inventory data to truck routes or to headquarters. This data can be used for various purposes, such as eliminating the need for the driver to travel first to see which items need to be refilled before sending the inventory.
Resellers also use RFID tags to track inventory and prevent shoplifting. Most of these tags passively respond to RFID readers (for example, at the checkout), but active RFID tags are available that periodically send location information to the base station.
Law enforcement
Telemetry hardware is useful for tracking people and property in law enforcement. The ankle collars worn by inmates on probation may alert the authorities if someone breaches the terms of his parole, such as by departing from official limits or visiting unauthorized locations. Telemetry has also activated feed cars, where law enforcers can install cars with cameras and tracking equipment and leave it somewhere they expect to be stolen. When stolen telemetry equipment reported the location of the vehicle, allowing law enforcement to disable the machine and lock the door when stopped by responding to the clerk.
Energy providers
In some countries, telemetry is used to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed. The power meter communicates with the concentrator, and the latter sends information via GPRS or GSM to the energy provider server. Telemetry is also used for remote monitoring of substations and their equipment. For data transmission, carrier phase systems operating at frequencies between 30 and 400 kHz are sometimes used.
Falconry
In falconry, "telemetry" means a small radio transmitter carried by a bird of prey that will allow the bird owner to track it when it is not visible.
Test
Telemetry is used in testing inhospitable environments that are harmful to humans. Examples include munitions storage facilities, radioactive sites, volcanoes, deep sea, and outer space.
Communications
Telemetry is used in many battery-operated wireless systems to inform monitoring personnel when the battery power reaches a low point and the end item requires a fresh battery.
Mine
In the mining industry, telemetry serves two main purposes: measurement of key parameters of mining equipment and monitoring of safety practices. The information provided by the collection and analysis of key parameters allows for identification of underlying causes of inefficient operations, unsafe practices and use of faulty equipment to maximize productivity and safety. Further applications of technology allow to share knowledge and best practices throughout the organization.
Software
In software, telemetry is used to collect data about the use of apps and application components, e.g. how often a particular feature is used, the measurement of start-up time and processing time, hardware, application crashes, and general usage statistics.
International standard
As in other telecommunications fields, international standards exist for telemetry equipment and devices. The bodies that produce international standards include the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) for space agencies, the Inter-Range Instrument Group (IRIG) for missile ranges, and the Telemetering Standards Coordination Committee (TSCC), an organization of the International Foundation for Telemetering.
See also
- Instrumentation
- Leaf Sensors
- Machine to Machine (M2M)
- MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
- Portable telemetry
- Reconnaissance satellites, routing or switching network intercepts (eg, Echelon)
- Remote monitoring and control
- Remote sensing
- Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
- SCADA
- Telecommand
- Telematics
- Wireless sensor network
References
External links
- International Foundation for Telemetering
- IRIG 106 - Digital telemetry standard
- The European Community of Telemetering
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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