An conversion of electric vehicles is a modification of a conventional internal combustion engine (ICEV) vehicle to an electric propulsion, creating an all-electric hybrid electric vehicle or plug-in.
Video Electric vehicle conversion
Conversion elements
- Nearly each vehicle can be converted to electricity. Many people prefer to choose light and aerodynamic vehicles to maximize the distance traveled per battery. There should also be enough space and charge capacity for the battery.
- The battery pack, which provides power sources. The most commonly available and affordable battery is the type of lead acid flood. Next up is AGM (Absorption Glass Mat) battery-free maintenance sealed, slightly more powerful and expensive. Then there are more exotic batteries like Ni-MH and Li-ion; more difficult to find but light and more durable, maintenance-free, and much more expensive. The new lithium batteries show some promise for EVs in the near future.
- Chargers that recover energy to the battery (which can be installed in a vehicle or at a dedicated charging station in multiple fixed locations)
- The power controller, which controls the energy flow between the battery and the electric motor, is controlled by an electronic throttle.
- One or more electric motors and their mechanical attachments to the driveline
- The electrical conductor that connects the battery, controller, and motor (s)
- Accessory equipment for power enhancement devices such as electric brakes and heating systems
- Controls circuits and equipment to enable control and interlocking of various components
- Special instrumentation for conversion operation and maintenance
Maps Electric vehicle conversion
Hobbyists and conversions
Hobbyists often build their own EVs by converting existing production cars just to run the electricity. There is a home industry that supports the conversion and construction of BEVs by fans. Universities like the University of California, Irvine even built their own electric or hybrid electric cars from scratch.
Short-range battery electric vehicles can offer convenience, utility, and hobby speed, sacrificing only the range. Short-range EVs can be built using high-performance lead-acid batteries, using about half the mass required for the 100-130 km (60-80 mile) range. The result is a vehicle with a range of 50 km (30 miles), which when designed with proper weight distribution (40/60 front to back), does not require power steering, offers exceptional acceleration at the lower end of its operating range, and is a highway capable and legal. But their EVs are expensive because of the higher cost for these high performance batteries. By incorporating a manual transmission, short-range EV can achieve better performance and better efficiency than a single speed EV developed by a large manufacturer. Unlike golf carts used for neighboring electric vehicles, short-range EVs can operate on a typical suburban road (where 60-80 km/h, 35-50 mph speed limits are typical) and can follow typical traffic flows in the streets. and a short segment of the "slow lane" on-and-off of a public highway in the suburbs.
Faced with a chronic fuel shortage in the Gaza Strip, Palestinian electrical engineer Waseem Othman al-Khozendar was discovered in 2008 by turning his car to run on 32 electric batteries. According to al-Khozendar, the battery can be charged electric power US $ 2 from 180-240 km (110-150 mi). After a 7 hour charge, the car must also be able to run up to speeds of 100 km/h (60 mph).
In 2008, several Chinese manufacturers began marketing lithium iron phosphate ( LiFePO
4 ) battery directly to the hobbyist and vehicle conversion store. This battery offers a much better power-to-weight ratio that allows vehicle conversion to achieve 120-240 km (75-150 mi) per charge. Prices gradually decreased to approximately US $ 350 per kWÃ, Â · h in mid-2009. As LiFePO
4 cell features a live rating of 3,000 cycles, compared to a common acid lead acid rating of 300 cycles, life expectancy LiFePO < span>
4 cell about 10 years. LiFePO
4 cells need more expensive battery management and charging systems compared to lead acid batteries.
Solar power
The on-board solar cells can be used to power an electric vehicle. The small force generated by solar cells mounted on the vehicle means that other components in the system must be specific to offset this. For example, the body of even a small conventional car converted into electricity is still too heavy to be driven by on-board solar cells. A solar powered vehicle is practically designed from the ground up with custom made parts.
Conversion process
Most of the North American conversions are done by hobbyists who would typically convert well-used vehicles with non-functioning machines, because such damaged vehicles can be very cheap to buy. Other hobbyists with larger budgets may prefer to convert newer model vehicles, or vehicles of a certain type. In some cases the vehicle itself may be built by a converter, or assembled from a car kit.
The two-tiered vehicle is a vehicle that has been built by two separate manufacturers. The result is a complete standard vehicle. In this process, the vehicle can be converted by the manufacturer (as is done by Ford Motor Company to create Ford Ranger EV). Alternatively, in a process known as "third-party training (power)", an independent converter will buy a new vehicle glider (vehicle without motor or related equipment) and then convert, to offer a two-stage vehicle.
In some countries, users may choose to purchase vehicles converted from any model in car dealerships paying only the cost of batteries and motorcycles, with no installation fee (called pre-conversion or prior conversion).
Industry
The electric vehicle conversion industry has evolved to include car garage conversions, aftermarket equipment and vehicle components.
Vehicle type
Electric bicycle
Electric bicycle is a conventional bicycle that has been equipped with an electric motor. Converting existing bikes with retrofitting with "conversion kit" is the simplest and cheapest option of electric vehicle conversion. The most frequent electric bikes or "e-bikes" are powered by rechargeable batteries but some experimental electric bikes run directly or recharge their batteries through solar panels, fuel cells, gas generators or other alternative energy sources. Some researchers even use super capacitors to store energy. Using an on-board generator can have an impact on the definition of the official jurisdiction of an electric bicycle. Some types of electric bikes are able to recapture small amounts of energy from braking and can recharge batteries during braking or trip downhill (regenerative braking).
Some electric bikes have a feature in which the motor can drive the bike by itself (direct start) if the rider chooses not to paddle with a button or throttle controller, while the other requires the rider to pedal all the time (pedal help). This latter type may in some jurisdictions allow the vehicle to be used on bike lanes that otherwise prohibit any motor vehicle (see motorcycle).
Many battery technologies are available to power an electric motor. The most common and cheapest battery technology is sealed lead acid but LiFePO 4 is quickly becoming the preferred battery for e-bikes.
Turning a bike into electricity with a conversion kit is an easy and affordable solution for most people interested in learning more about converting electric vehicles.
There may be some issues with the warranty but on the original bike being converted, if the electric bike conversion kit is added. Low speed scooters are usually not suitable for use on the road. These can be configured for standing or sitting use. Some local laws apply bicycle laws to scooters, such as helmet considerations and right walkers.
Kupe economy
Because of its light weight and efficiency, light vehicles can be an excellent choice, especially if care is taken in component selection and placement. It is possible to obtain conversion kits for several popular light vehicles, especially the rear motor, Volkswagen Beetle rear driver, Type 3 evolution, and its successor, VW Golf front motor/drive.
By changing light vehicles it is possible to use smaller motors, which weigh and cost less than larger motors. The overall weight of the vehicle weight will reduce power consumption in start-and-stop traffic and increase the range in many practical driving conditions. In the same way as gasoline-powered economy cars are cheaper and more efficient to run, electric-powered cars do the same.
Concise or coupe sedan
The compact sedan might be a better choice than the subcompact because of better loading capacity and more room for battery placement. Multiple commercial EV Conversions use vehicles in this size range. One example is the Honda Civic 1992. In this conversion, the rear seats are maintained, and there is still enough room to drown out the nine acid-lead batteries that are flooding low in the trunk where the spare tire is located, as well as nine other batteries under the hood. Another example is Mitsubishi Tredia 1987 where the rear battery has been raised above the floor space of the rod, sealed, and externally removed. With modification of suspension, add length & amp; The spring rating, the car must remain under the GVWR, even with the driver and passengers. Exceeding the design weight of the total vehicle will be illegal in some states, and may result in cancellation by the insurance company.
There are attempts by some engineers in California to make the Toyota Prius "Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle," or PHEV, where the first 40 miles are powered by all the electric power, then the gas engine comes to recharge the batteries, only if travels over 40 million. If it is lacking, you can just enter it into the utility network to recharge the battery. This process is done by removing the nickel-metal hydride batteries, and installing different batteries, and different battery management systems.
Since April 30, 2009, the Electric Car Company has sold CitroÃÆ'¡n C1 ev'ie, the all-electric conversion of CitroÃÆ'¡n C1.
Full-size sedan
Full-size sedans and minivans are generally regarded as bad candidates for EV conversion. Since suspensions and tires are operating near the maximum permissible limit, substantial modifications in this area may be necessary. It might be easier to get an enhanced suspension component for some smaller vehicles, if this is also commonly used for sport racing (especially autocross). Starting with heavy vehicles and adding batteries will result in poor performance in acceleration, handling, braking, and operating economics.
One possibility is to use Audi A8 Audi A8 (1994-2003) Audi A8 or S8 sport sedan (1998-2003 or older European market model in which German model weighs 1730 kg) Audi S8 which both are aluminum monocoque "Audi Space Frame "vehicles, which help reduce weight significantly without becoming less rigid.
Sports car
For someone interested in the performance and appearance of a sports car, the creation of a satisfactory conversion is likely to cause some difficulty in details such as the disposition of the battery, since such vehicles generally have available space distributed in small volumes around the vehicle. This causes the hassle of securing and installing the battery. This vehicle can offer stunning performance in lower speed ranges due to its light weight and rear wheel drive, and may also offer a good range due to its superior aerodynamics.
Porsche 914 1969-1976 is one of the most successful convertible sports cars, as well as being one of the most popular. Once converted, it offers better performance in range, acceleration and top speed than most other vehicles. Also, its low cost of earnings contributes to its popularity as a conversion candidate. Some conversion kit manufacturers have created custom kits for 914.
Another popular sports car used for conversion was the Toyota MR2 1984-1989. The reason for its popularity is low before conversion, low cost to buy a car, and the location available in the car to put the large battery that most people use (lead acid and its derivative technology). The MR2 body style then (Mark 2) did not look popular, and as of March 2008, there was only one known conversion.
In 1983 Mitsubishi Starion was converted into an all-electric in 2009 by Carmel Morris and Nathan Bolton in Australia. This sports vehicle has divided the front/rear battery load to balance the low center of gravity. The battery pack consists of 45 x 3.2v nominal lithium ion batteries. The tar weights of the end result are not much larger than the original specifications, which allow the sports car to be a road engineering vehicle as a four-seat vehicle. Builders want to prove that convertible electric cars can also include other options such as power steering and air conditioning (such as the norm for new electric vehicles), without sacrificing excess energy or comfort. Information about successful Electric Starion conversion can be found on the web.
Bradley GT II and other VW-based kit cars are very popular conversion candidates because they are inexpensive, broad support groups as well as their simple sports car design. The availability of conversion kits for cars is quite prevalent with commercial retail companies specializing in EV conversions.
Light truck
The light truck is perfect for hobby conversion as it is easy to find batteries away from the passenger compartment and there is good load handling capacity for heavy battery usage such as acid lead batteries commonly used in golf carts. Light trucks also offer great utilities that are used just because they are trucks. Even if some of the heavy capacity is eliminated by the presence of batteries inside or under the cargo bed, most or all of the spatial utilities remain. Light trucks are highly recommended as the first conversion effort due to the simplicity of the component layout. With proper battery placement the stability of the final production truck can be improved through the ICE version. While a number of suitable vehicles are available in pre-2002 models, this modern evolution has become taller, heavier, bigger and less efficient, and excessive height makes battery placement under the bed essential to keep the center of gravity low enough. for stability on the curve.
Other trucks - full size and most SUV
This is rarely modified because of its excessive weight, and aerodynamic inefficiency. To make the situation worse, many modern trucks and SUVs continue to get bigger, heavier, and their high position means the height of the center of gravity causing instability when making high speed spins, a real disadvantage if there is not enough space between the rail frames to allow installation low battery. As a direct result, the carrying capacity of the load and thus the GVWR of the vehicle falls. Such properties are undesirable because they limit the weight of the carryable battery, limiting the weight ratio of the vehicle to the maximum attainable vehicle for the vehicle when converted to EV. (These considerations are important because of the limitations of price, weight, and performance of current battery technology.) For certain types of batteries, reducing the weight ratio of the battery to the vehicle always results in a reduced vehicle range per charge. However, despite these unavoidable limitations, some larger SUVs and trucks have been successfully converted into electric power by fans. Some examples include the "Gone Postal" van converted into EV racers by Roderick Wilde and Suckamps EV Racing, Land Rover EV converted by Wilde Evolutions, and 1988 Jeep Cherokee EV converted by Nick Viera.
Classic Car
Although technologically feasible, the classic car is not changed widely to maintain the authenticity of the car. The German company ReeVOLT has made it one of their business branches to convert old Trabants to use in tourism in the eastern part of Germany in connection with the historic significance of regional automobiles and to allow easy access to environmental zones such as the city center and in particular the car-free partially RÃÆ'¼gen. This car is considered ideal for conversion due to its low price and low weight due to its small size and resin fiber construction.
Electric bus
The main efforts in the development of autonomous electric buses (these, without trolleys and cables) have involved limited production of fuel cell vehicles that are very expensive.
The most economically effective development in this field involves the manufacture of hybrid electric buses (especially plug-in hybrids), is perfect for this application as it often stops and starts as well as effective energy recovery and release in this cycle.
Another solution is the conversion to a battery electric bus that follows the principle of replacement (battery runs out) instead of charging.
Transdev York in the United Kingdom currently operates the world's first diesel-engined bus that has been converted into full electric propulsion. The 1990's open-top Dennis Trident 2 bus fleet, operated for local City Sightseeing contracts, has been converted from diesel to electric power.
Racer
Hotrod
While this type of vehicle is usually made to be a "street-legal" performance machine, this vehicle can also be developed for occasional use as a drag racing vehicle. The leading vehicle in this field is the "Maniac Mazda" Mazda RX-7 sports car that is converted from a rotary engine into electricity by Roderick Wilde. This vehicle can run faster than the Dodge Viper and Ferrari sports car in a quarter mile drag race.
Autocross racer
EV has proven successful in autocross competition. The ability of an electric motor to provide maximum torque at 0 RPM and a relatively wide band of torque provides a good throttle response and allows the autocross to run without a chance to disappear into a reverting tooth. The short distance from a typical autocross requires less energy stored than most motor shapes. It minimizes the most obvious competitive electric vehicle losses, heavy battery penalties compared to gasoline.
Pull racer
Intended only for quarter mile special path (acceleration) this type of racing vehicle is only used "off road" in special "dragstrips".
High-speed straight-line racers
- For an example of a straight-line driver, see Buckeye Bullet
Even more special than drag racer, it's meant to get high speed on long, straight, and flat races, like dry lake beds found in locations such as Bonneville Salt Flats.
Closed circuit racers
Closed circuit races, especially any type of racing durability, are one of the biggest challenges for EV. Pounds per pound, gasoline contains far more energy than the most sophisticated of today's batteries. An electric vehicle must be heavier or more efficient to run the same distance with its gasoline competitor. Durability racing strategies include rapidly changing battery packs and "Dump charging"
Special casing
Suitable for builders who are able to build a car kit, with the capability and good equipment in machining and welding it can produce a unique vehicle. It is perfect for the construction of light vehicles that can offer exceptional performance. Many VW car kit companies have a chassis tube ready to start with.
The glider kit covers all vehicle components except power train.
New vehicle
New vehicles or electric-powered cars may not be suitable for use on the road. Applications include demonstrations showing electric vehicles, parades, floating parades, floating towing, and an eclectic off-road encounter such as Burning Man. This vehicle is ideal for beaches (where not forbidden) and for promoting tourist attractions but will usually require landing to its operating site.
Upper: Bob Schneeveis demonstrates Silver Sofa .
Newly converted and converted vehicle registration
United States
Ease of registration will vary by country. Some states require safety inspections, usually to ensure the integrity of the body in areas exposed to severe corrosion of winter road de-icing materials. In any case, for general registration all functional safety equipment must operate - turn signal, brake lights, headlamps, horns, etc. The windshield should have no running cracks (small rock bits and "stars" acceptable if not inside the driver). the main line of vision). If the vehicle has been reconstructed from a rescue vehicle (the vehicle whose registration has been canceled) the inspection may be more severe to ensure compliance and validity of the source of the rescue component by presenting proper receipt of purchases.
The registration procedure will vary by country and will usually be more difficult (even strange) in states with tight emissions requirements (although plug-in only conversions will be zero emission vehicles). Arguing with DMV staff is usually wasted in all jurisdictions, but there may be an appeal procedure available but its availability may not be publicly publicized.
On the other hand, changing enrollments allows conversions to qualify for tax incentives available in some states, such as Oregon, whether for vehicles, charging systems, or both.
California conversion and tax registration (US)
The registration of an existing, or newly built, electric vehicle in California is no longer difficult.
It falls into two categories; First, if the vehicle is built of a new frame component and possibly some rescue part, ( ie , it has never been a car previously previously titled, but has a brake or a recovered axle used/rebuilt.) In California if you "make" a car from scratch and want to register and give it a degree with DMV, you have to go through the "Special Built Vehicle Embedded Control Program" or SPCNS for the short term, this is also called the "SB100" California program. Or Second, the previously registered vehicle is converted to electric drive.
SPCNC: In the past the SPCNS vehicle registration process required meeting with an outside referee at a community college or one of the country's cellular referees stations to verify the vehicle. The current process takes place in DMV with inspections conducted by DMV inspectors. The inspector should be able to see the motor and battery and verify that there is no internal combustion engine. Vehicles will still require brakes and light inspection By an outside inspector to verify compliance with other vehicle codes.
Current Registered Vehicle: If you convert an existing vehicle and older than 1975, you can choose not to bother to get the vehicle converted to the "E" code unless you are looking for a Diamond Lane sticker, because this vehicle does not require a fog inspection smoke. For a newer vehicle than 1975, you should go to DMV and request the vehicle checked as a conversion. Batteries and motors must be exposed so that the inspector can see them and verify that there is no internal combustion engine.
The next step requires the officer at the local California Office of Automotive Vehicles (DMV) to call the Sacramento office. Only Sacramento offices can make this entry into a computer system. If a local clerk tries, the system will default to the "Q" code for the hybrid. (This procedure is enforced to inhibit the registration of cheated ICE vehicles as Electric to avoid smog inspections). Hybrids are not excluded from smog checks. Before you leave the DMV make sure your print has the proper "E" code or you have to go back to do it again.
There is a heavy cost of $ 87 for vehicles under 2,700 kg (6,000 pounds) or $ 266 for vehicles from 2,700 to 4,500 kg (6,000 to 10,000 pounds). This is in addition to the regular registration fee.
Spanish
In Spain, the conversion (called transformation) is governed by Real Decreto 866/2010, de 2 de julio, por el que se regula la tramitación de las reformas de vehÃÆ'culos .
See also
- Aftermarket (automotive)
- CalCars
- Electric car
- Swap machine
- Green settings
- Car kits
- Creator culture
- Plug-in hybrid (PHEV)
- Vehicle petals
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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