Battery "E", 1st Illinois Regiment Volunteer Light Artillery is an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It played a small but important role in the Battle of Shiloh, and is mentioned in the after-action report of General William T. Sherman on battle. It was also served in Vicksburg, Brice's Crossroads, Nashville and several other engagements at the Western Theater of war.
Video Battery "E", 1st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Light Artillery
Recruitment
The battery "E" was deployed for use at Camp Douglas, in Chicago, Illinois, on December 19, 1861. Its members mainly came from Cook County. On February 13, 1862, they moved to Cairo, where they were given horses, artillery, and other necessary equipment.
Maps Battery "E", 1st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Light Artillery
Battle of Shiloh
Initial deployment
On March 27, 1862, Battery E traveled by ship to Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, arriving on the 30th. Joining Brig. General Division William T. Sherman in the Ulysses S. Grant Army in Tennessee (along with his brother's unit Battery "B"), the battery is not assigned to a special brigade for the upcoming Battle of Shiloh, on 6-7 April. , 1862.
During this engagement, Battery E fielded four James Rifles, a bronze weapon that proved popular in the early stages of the war, but later fell because of the excessive use of combat suits worn on bronzed cannon guns. According to one of these engagement histories, Battery E is entirely inexperienced, having received the horses only ten days before the battle, and after being drilled with them only three times.
According to General Sherman's After-Action report, he puts Battery E on the ridge to the left of Shiloh Church, which covers open ground between the 57th Ohio Infantry and Ohio 53rd, near a house called Rea Cabin. It was the 52nd Ohio colonel, Jesse J. Appler, who had previously tried to warn Sherman of the great Confederate forces ahead of him, only to be told: "Bring your cursed team back to Ohio No enemies ever closer than Corinth!" The next morning will prove Sherman wrong, because he and other Union Army members were attacked during breakfast by a large Confederate army under General Albert Sidney Johnston.
During the upcoming battle, Battery E will be driven by elements of Second Brigade Patrick Cleburne of the Johnston Third Corps, which is under the command of General William Hardee. It will also be involved by elements of S.A.M. Wood's Third Brigade of the same corps, and then by elements of Second Brigade Patton Anderson of First Division Braxton Bragg's Second Corps. Then, still, the batteries will be involved by two brigades of the First Corps of Leonidas Polk, ordered by Bushrod Johnson and Robert M. Russell. Thus, Battery E will face units from the three major Johnston Army Corps during the engagement.
The battle begins
When the battle begins, one part (two weapons) of Battery E is placed right to the 53rd right, which has left its tent and moved to the edge of the trees facing the open field. The other part remains to the left of the 53rd, as it was originally used. Across this field, the 6th Mississippi Infantry Confederation and the 23rd Tennessee are advancing rapidly toward them. Twelve Confederate weapons from Shoup's Arkansas Battery opened on Federals, and after firing two rounds in return, the original move to the right was ordered by Sherman's artillery chief, Major Ezra Taylor, to rejoin the rest of Battery E, on the high ground to the left 53 on the other side of Rea Springs and fork east of Shiloh Branch.
Sherman, who was on the scene during this attack, ordered the Appler to hold his share, telling him that he has a "good battery" (Battery E) to protect it. He also sent three additional regiments to protect the "Waterhouse Battery" (Battery E) and the left side of the line. Sherman later reported that Battery E and a companion battery further to the right opens "immediately" on the forward Confederate along with the assembled infantry. In Sherman's words: "combat becomes common". Battery E, along with Battery B of Illinois 1, was fired into the Confederate leading the ridge toward the Sherman line, along with reinforcements across Rea Field to assist in the attack.
The following is from the post-action report of Major Ezra Taylor:
Despite causing huge losses to the South people attacking, the Appler regiment finally broke and ran after the colonel lost his courage, leaving Battery E unprotected and facing immediate extermination by the Confederacy. Wood Brigade tilted to the right to avoid Battery E fires; they were quickly replaced by the Cleburne and Anderson brigades, which suffered horrendous losses at the hands of three Illinois regiments, including the 43rd Illinois, who soon stepped forward to help artilleryists. They also eventually broke out under the ferocity of the Southern assault led now by elements of the Cleburne, Anderson, Russell and Johnson brigades, including Tennessee's 13th.
Backtrack and re-assemble
Seeing the disintegration of his orders, Sherman ordered the remains of his division, including Battery E, to retreat and reunite on Hamburg-Purdy Street, about 600 meters behind their current position. However, the battery had just been made 100 meters before Major Taylor went up and ordered it unlimber and continued firing, insisting that every inch of the land had to be contested:
Waterhouse's efforts to comply with Taylor's orders cost him three of his four weapons, resulting in injuries to himself and First Lieutenant. According to David Reed's history of the Battle, Battery E fought in front of several different Southern regiments as Tennessee 13th flanking it on the left side and attacking him from behind, capturing his weapon as his members repulse in haste. Colonel (then General) Alfred Vaughan, commander of Tennessee's 13th, reported that when his regiment took over Battery E they found "a dead Union officer [lying] near them, with a trailing dog refusing to allow the Confederacy to approach the body."
The remainder of the Sherman division (including Battery E, minus three lost weapons) eventually stabilized their line in relation to the General Division of General John A. McClernand. The next morning, Federation troops struck back and the Southern army was forced to retreat to Corinth, granting victory to the weary North in the bloodiest battle America had ever experienced at the time.
After the battle
Sherman reports that during the battle, his division has captured seven weapons to replace those who lost to the enemy (three by Battery E, and four from the other units) at the start of the engagement; Battery E is supplemented by this captured procedure. All told, the battery lost one person killed, sixteen wounded, and one lost during the two day engagement.
Historians Mark Grimsley and Steven Woodsworth argue that Battery E has done "majestic" during the battle, making "an important contribution to extend the Sherman stand here." "It's all the more remarkable," they went on to say, "given the inexperience of the Watherhouse men." Lieutenant J.A. Fitch, who took command of Battery after Captain Waterhouse was injured, filed the following after-action report with Major Taylor:
A series of aerial photographs depicting the exact location of the "Waterhouse Battery" and other adjacent units can be found at Hike Report: The Battle For Shiloh Church. Photos on the ground can be seen here.
Corinth to White Station
Corinthians and subsequent movements
After the Battle of Shiloh, Battery E moved with the rest of the Sherman division to Corinth, Mississippi, which was occupied on May 29, 1862. After this, they walked down Memphis and Charleston Railroad, fought with the Confederates all the way until they reached Memphis. Here they went to the camp at Fort Pickering, where they spent their time with artillery pieces and their horses, trying to improve their efficiency. During this time, the regiment received new recruits, one of which was Private James Bolton Rice, whose letter to his wife painted a clear picture of battery activity from when he joined his return in 1865.
On November 26, Battery E accompanied the Sherman expedition to Oxford, Mississippi, part of a larger operation by Grant against the Confederate General John C. Pemberton's troops that lingered along the Tallahatchie River near Holly Springs. Federal forces make an average of twelve miles per day until they encounter a Confederate barrier near College Hill, near Oxford on December 7. These include trees felled across the street, and "every bridge is on fire."
Personal Rice offers a description of a typical day on Battery E during this campaign:.
The Pemberton army fell back to Grenada without resistance, so Battery E went on to divide it to Corinth. It entered Holly Springs, Mississippi around before January 4, 1863, where Rice described the scene of destruction left by the Confederate General Earl van Dorn's attack on the city on December 20, 1862: "broken weapons, dead horses, some unburned men, shells, lights in every window, government carts and a half-burned ambulance, the big depots were all gone, the car's train was burning on the track.The air was filled with smoke and burning cotton, blasted to atoms, looted homes and people pain lying beside the road. "
White Station
Battery E moves through Holly Springs and into White Station, Tennessee, where it arrives on January 31, 1863 and is camped. In an effort to counter the cold conditions of winter there in Sibley's tent, Private Rice described the heating of two forty-pound iron wheels each weighing forty pounds in a fire until it became red hot, then took them to his tent, where he said: ".. they make it comfortable. " During this relatively quiet time, Rice reported one person in which the battery commander asked all the "kneeling people" to move forward, because "we'll fight in just three hours." Four people answered this call - but another policeman who had been ordered to stay behind begged to move with one of those who was sent to the battlefield, even offering his "last dollar" as an incentive, before being denied by everyone in the battery. Apparently the battle did not materialize, because Rice did not mention more about it.
On February 19 and 20, Battery E members witnessed the burning of Hopefield, Arkansas, a small town across the river whose inhabitants had taken the Unionist Loyalty oath, but secretly helped the local Confederate guerrillas. After several Federal soldiers were killed in or near the city, four Northern troop companies attacked Hopefield and burned the entire city to the ground. Although Battery E did not participate actively in the show, Rice described it as "a long punishment." Back in Memphis on March 14 of the same year, they boarded a steamship to Duckport, Louisiana, landings (now disappear) on the Mississippi River, a few miles northwest of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Here, they rejoin the rest of the Sherman XV Corps, one of five corps assigned to the Ulysses S. Grant Army in Tennessee who then prepare to start the famous Vicksburg Campaign.
Sometimes during winter, according to Private Rice, Battery E is reduced from a six-pistol battery to a four-pistol battery, totaling 128 effective. During the time in Vicksburg (see below) the battery is brought back to the usual six-shot rifle once again.
Vicksburg campaign
Battle of Jackson
On May 2 the battery went to Grand Gulf, Mississippi; from there they headed toward Jackson, Mississippi, the state capital. The heat during this time was reportedly so strong that even the "strong man" fell out of the parade and "left with some friends to die or come, as is possible." Dead horses and mules are everywhere along the march, and Rice reports that Battery E lost six horses of its own to "sunburn, and drink poisonous water." Reaching Jackson on May 10, Battery E and the rest of the corps they were surprised to find that the Confederacy had brought out many mules and pigs, then threw their carcass into every pond and polluted the water. The air, he said, was filled with the stench of dead animals and members of Battery E and others detailed over the next two days to bury all carcasses in the area.
Starting May 10, Battery E started the Confederate work bombing in Jackson, starting at 7 am on Sunday morning. Private Rice reported on a sunny day, and said that fire and battery fire continued for three hours "as if heaven were at war with each other, and almost parted ways." Rice herself was hacked by the enemy's shell, and the others in the battery had what she called a "close call," though no one was seriously hurt.
On May 14, Battery E backed Sherman's last attack on Jackson. Advancing during a rainstorm driving in Lynch Creek, a rainwater stream stretching just two miles from the Mississippi State Capitol, the XV Corps quickly ran into the Third Kentucky Integrated Infantry, the First Georgia Sniper Battalion and the Georgian Captain Martin Battery. Federal progress temporarily halted before Battery E and companion battery from 2nd Iowa responded in form. An Iowa soldier briefly describes the role of Battery E in this battle in the following terms:
The "accurate fire" of Iowa E's battery and artillery, coupled with the tremendous Federal gains in employment, quickly forced the Confederates to retreat into their defense work; in a matter of hours, the Sherman XV Corps has entered Jackson. The battery remains in Jackson until May 16, taking no part in the Battle of Champion Hill.
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Aksi di Vicksburg
On May 16, Battery E moved towards Vicksburg, "Gibraltar of the West" South. It arrived on the 18th, where he took an active part in the siege as part of the Third Division of the Sherman XV Corps. Released four James rifles and three 6-pound rifles, commissioned along with the 2nd Battery of Iowa Light Artillery as a division artillery troop near the northeast corner of the Confederate line of defense (currently located along Old Graveyard Road, between Union Ave. and Confederate Ave.). They supported the failed Federal attack on the "Stockade Redan" on May 22, which resulted in more than a thousand Federal victims, and led to the awarding of 78 Medal of Honor to attack the army. Photos of the exact location of Battery E position in Vicksburg can be seen here. Larger pages from which this photo was taken can be seen here.
On May 30, the batteries were given the 30-pound Parrott rifle, which was maintained until June 3, when the gun was moved to a more advanced position in "Jenny Battery."
On June 5, Battery E was ordered to trade its ancient artillery weapons with six 12-pound new weapons. Battery is divided into three-part two-pistol; two, under Lieutenant John Fitch and Orrin Cram, remain on the line. The third is transferred to a sophisticated battery. On June 7, Private Rice reported to his wife that the batteries had been divided among five different places, and only counted 96 decent men on duty.
In contrast to the hungry Confederacy inside Vicksburg - the food shortages ultimately destroyed their city defenses, rather than Federal attacks that failed on their defenses - Battery E and the rest of the Union Army fared well with regards to victory during the siege. Rice reported that she should eat here: "flour, tea, coffee, sugar, pastries, pork, dried apples, rice, beans, and fresh beef every other day." He says that his favorite food is "flour and water mixed together because you will make dough, fry with fat, a cup of coffee, hard cakes and sugar, I make a delicious meal."
Artillerists as infantry
Battery E members sometimes fought as snipers and even infantry during the siege. Private Rice relates his own experience:
On June 22, Battery E relocated with two infantry brigades from the 3rd Division to Bear Creek on the exterior line, where it remained until Vicksburg surrendered by General Pemberton on 4 July 1863. During the siege, the Battery lost two killed and six wounded..
Upcoming operations in Mississippi
Expedition to Brandon, Mississippi
On July 5, 1863, the day after Vicksburg surrendered, the detachment from Battery E was ordered with 72nd Ohio Infantry element, Illinois 114, Iowa 8 and Iowa 9 to proceed under General Frederick Steele's command to Brandon, Mississippi. Here they are directed to search and burn Confederate military shops and destroy local trains. The battery lost one of its three weapons as it crossed the pontoon bridge over the Pearl River, but the piece was found the next day. Meet the Southern cavalry about six miles past the bridge, the "war dog" batteries (to quote private rice) quickly repel them back.
Next comes a report from a Federal scout that the enemy's battery is on the nearest hill. Battery E was ordered to puncture the hillside in an attempt to locate the enemy's position, while his bodyguard was watching from the nearby fence:
Rise to Brandon, Battery E is involved in a Confederate wizard in a house there, "banging every window" there. They burned the barn and set fire to the entire city block, then distracted them to the nearby railway depots and tracks that they both destroyed.
Return to Jackson
After this event, Battery E returns to Jackson (which has been re-populated by Confederate forces). Despite being harassed during their parade by the South unit, Private Rice reported that they "remained beyond the reach of our brass band, because when we played 'Dixie' on it, it made them more dancing. Upon arriving in Jackson, they assisted in a nine-day siege, after which Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston evacuated the city. Jackson is described as a "cursed city" in the ensuing battle, with Rice asserting that he and his friends were tearing and burning the tracks and ties of five different railroad tracks stretching twenty miles from the city in all directions.
Ordered to return to Vicksburg, Battery E and other units across the battlefield at Champion Hill, where the Federal victory was about two months earlier. Rice explained how the rain had cleared the soil used to cover the dead Confederate corpses, which had just been thrown into a ditch on the battlefield by Federal forces and covered with a layer of soil. He also describes men kicking skulls, bones and clothing that protrude from a half-open grave.
Bear Creek
After returning to Vicksburg, On July 23, Battery E went to a camp at Bear Creek in Oak Ridge, where they were deeply disturbed by chiggers and flies, not to mention the stinging summers. This became their summer camp, and the expedition was made to Mechanicsburg, Miss., Canton, and other places. On November 5 they boarded a boat to Memphis, arriving there on the 12th. During that winter they went to Lagrange, Tennessee and also, Corinth, Jack Creek, back again to Corinth, then finally back to Memphis via Lagrange.
Meridian Expedition
On February 6, 1864, Battery E was ordered to cooperate with a 7000-member cavalry column headed by General William Sooy Smith, moving south from Memphis to connect with General Sherman's forces involved in the Meridian Expedition. At this point, it has been equipped with six 12-pound Napoleon weapons. On February 10, 1864, they fought in a small battle in Wyatt, Tennessee, on the Tallahatchie River, but five days later Battery was ordered back to Memphis and took no further role in the campaign.
Back to Memphis, Battery E camps at the head of Main Street, near the Navy Yard town. In April 1864 they went to Bolivar and Ripley, Mississippi to search for General Nathan Bedford Forrest; but their supplies were soon exhausted and they were forced to return to Memphis to repair. On May 5 the battery is attacked by a local Confederate; this was repulsed, according to Rice, with "one of them [receiving] nine balls in the carcass."
Disaster at Brice's Crossroads
June 1, 1864, Battery E marches to Guntown, Mississippi, where it takes part in the devastating Brice's Crossroads Battle on June 10th. Together with the 9th Infantry Infantry, batteries initially form a reserve army stationed near the intersection of the road itself. Attacked by the Confederacy under General Forrest on both sides at once, Colonel William McMillian, who led the infantry in the field, ordered Battery E to sweep Guntown Road with grapeshot and canister. Despite heroic efforts by 9 Minnesota and other Federal units, Northern troops were pushed back, with Colonel McMillian ordering Battery E with Battery B of the Second Illinois Light Artillery to hold the Rebels until the infantry could escape.
The fleeing Federals were wrapped up in a bridge north of the intersection, where they were swept by the Confederate artillery as they struggled to cross the narrow structure. The retreat turned into a defeat, and Forrest won one of the biggest wins in his career. Battery E, which had been ordered to withhold the crossroads itself by all means, found himself stranded in the midst of an advanced South attack, abandoned by all infantry support - but still firing nonstop. Captain John Fitch, ordered batteries in this battle, described the scene amid bushes and tangled forests: "I can not see the enemy, but judging from their shots that they are very close, I immediately give them a tube with both pieces, I can load and shoot. "Fitch and the rest of Battery E managed to defend their land until the last Federal regiment passed, though by now they were fired from front, left and back - including the garden of a plantation house just seventy-five feet away. Remarkably, Battery E managed to flex both of his weapons and escape to the nearest river, where they rush through the water to a safe road on the other side.
Private Rice offers a detailed account of this engagement as she watched it from her section:
Further rice shows that Forrest harassed Federals backwards throughout the next day until they finally reached Memphis's security. He reports that some of Rebel's prisoners were escorted back during the battle, when asked where they were going, replied: "the same way you will go, in less than an hour." A wounded Federal soldier, watching this disaster unfold around him, tried to focus his attention on things by shouting: "ole Grant will make up for it, in Virginia." Rice reported that when the butcher's bill was calculated, the battery had lost fifty horses, ten mules, three carts, forty pairs of armor, and four rifles with their caissons. Two people from batteries were killed, three wounded and four missing. Rice connects defeat with "drunkenness or Sturgis instability," which indicates that she and some other soldiers are inclined to believe that she was deliberately selling it. Despite all this, Rice talks about "[ill] to get the old Forrest again," promises to "make her git, when we do it."
In a report after his actions, Colonel Alexander Wilkin, who led Minnesota to-9, praised Captain Fitch of Battery E for "a sensible and dashing way" in which he and his batteries had been doing themselves during the battle. Battery returned to Memphis after defeat, "everyone for himself", with people listed as "highly demoralized".
The next battery lined up in Tupelo, and July 12 fought in Pontotoc, Mississippi. On July 13, they were ambushed, missing one person injured. On the 14th, the batteries take part in the Battle of Tupelo, which results in defeat for Forrest.
Action in Missouri
On July 15, 1864, Battery E returned to Memphis. The losing cannon of Forrest was replaced by four Napoleons and two Rodmans. On September 3, 1864, they took a steamship down the Mississippi to the White River Gap and from there to Duvall's Bluff, Arkansas. While marching through the swamps in Arkansas to Cape Girardeau under General JA Mower, they next traveled to the Missouri River to Jefferson City, Missouri where they joined in the Federal pursuit of the Confederate General Sterling Price, which was later involved in a campaign within the country the origin. Rice reports that people around Jefferson City suffer from "perfect terror terror," because "all [them] are Union." The men were initially instructed not to take spare clothes or other items other than blankets during their initial placement, so it was all sad and some even barefoot as they pulled new uniforms at St. Louis. Rations are often reduced to a quarter of the usual fare, with troops forced to eat along the sidewalk for "pumpkin and beef sauce."
After the loss of Price in Westport near Kansas City, Battery returned to St. Petersburg. Louis on November 15, 1864.
Services in Nashville
After drawing a new complement of horses, Battery E took a boat to Nashville, Tennessee, where they served under General Thomas during the Hood siege in the city. In a letter dated December 8, 1864, Rice reported that "we did not shoot along the line right in front of us today, but Johnnies can be seen clearly with a glass about three miles, doing their camp work. He went on to relate his opinion of General Thomas and his Confederate colleague, General John Bell Hood:
Rice reported that the batteries had been supplied well with sanitary and ration supplies during this time, and that many of the sick members were "getting better in health." He also reported that "accursed speculators" had raised the price of food and stationery, with one sheet of paper sold for five cents, and flour for $ 35 per barrel. Some of the original members of the battery are discarded at this point and sent home, while others are forced to serve an extension for their original three-year term.
On December 15, Thomas did exactly what Paddy predicted: he emerged from his trenches, and attacked the Hood army. Rice recounts her experience of the next battle:
If things go bad for Hood on the 15th, they will turn into disaster the next day. Rice resumed her account:
With this disaster, the once powerful Tennessee Army practically ceased to exist, not playing a meaningful role during the rest of the Civil War. Battery E goes to a garrison in Nashville, where their ration of meat is reduced by the Army to "3/4 pounds per person per day, also 3/4 of beans quota, coffee, sugar... All our detachment meat salt from 19 [men ] draw for five days is 14 pounds and a bit of beef no one except a warrior or dog will think to eat... It consists of our only food, except that sometimes we draw onions, sour, heart, pickles, and potatoes in small quantities from the sanitary commission. "A tent seven times eight feet is provided for every three to four people in the battery; these are raised four feet from the ground on a wooden platform built by troops, which then "decorate" them to suit the taste of the inhabitants. Bunks and fireplace are set up inside, and the floor is covered with sawdust.
Battery was diverted to Chattanooga on February 21, 1865, "after 24 hours of riding through the heaviest RR in the US" Rice reported that the train slipped at some point during the trip, but as it only moved at ten miles per hour, no one was hurt.
Associate
The initial registration of the battery expired on December 19, 1864, but these veterans were not deployed extensively until 24 December 1864, in Louisville, Kentucky. New members are recruited to replace those who have been discharged; It continued serving until July 15, 1865, when they were disposed near Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Number of strengths and victims
Batteries lost 5 enlisted men killed in action or who died of their injuries and 25 enlisted men who died of disease, with a total of 30 deaths.
Anecdotes
Camp followers
The soldier James Bolton Rice, whose letters to his wife gave a vivid picture of life and action in Battery E from 1862 to 1865, illustrates the side of life in a federal army camp during mid-1862:
Rice followed this statement with a guarantee of her loyalty to his wife, telling him that this sight "made me more than anything I saw in the Army."
In the
march <In a letter dated January 22, 1863, Rice described how it felt to be in a parade, with half a ration in the Federal army:
Needless to say, conditions in the Confederate army are even worse, because their logistics systems are barely supplied properly or developed as Federal partners.
Dissention in the
ranksIn another letter, Rice describes many federal soldiers who felt antipathy after the publication of the Emancipation Proclamation of Abraham Lincoln in January 1863:
In the next paragraphs Rice greedily attacked the northern "Copperheads", calling them "aggravated betrayers" and saying they should "falter and serve as we serve them here." He goes on to say that four people in his own regiment are Copperheads (he thinks), describing them as "those who kneel weak, weak-backed people who are afraid into the Service for fear of conscription." He ended, but with a note of optimism being guarded that the government would overcome "arch-traitors" and "rise like the morning fog, and show the world that America still stands with stronger governments and institutions better than ever."
Grant and Sherman
During the Vicksburg siege, Rice wrote down his impressions about Ulysses S. Grant's generals, along with his opinion of the rumors about his drunkenness at the beginning of the war:
Rice then records his opinion of General William T. Sherman, speaks of "undefeated Wm Sherman," and reports that "wherever he goes, the soldiers greet him with a cheer, shouting what the Vicksburg heroes think of him... It is enough that we are all willing to follow him to victory or death. "
Rice does not indicate how many of these luminous leaders' opinions are shared by their counterparts in Battery E, or what their views may be. His judgment of Grant's talent certainly proved groundless, for Grant would be appointed General-in-Chief of all Federal troops the following year, and continued to lead North Korea to victory two years later. Sherman will also be successful and famous in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.
The dark side
Looting has become a hobby for soldiers every century, and the Civil War is certainly no exception. Not all Union or Confederate forces match the popular image of a citizen warrior who fights for a noble cause; some are just uniformed criminals. Some people like that seem to have found their way to Battery E and his brother's units during the winter of 1863-64, when Private Rice deals with a letter to his wife:
Rice explains more about robber gangs in the Union Army, whom she claims will intercept anyone they meet, high or low:
Rice reports that some of these people have been convicted, largely for lack of evidence or the reluctance of fellow soldiers to testify against them (often for fear of retaliation).
Philosophical formulas
In a letter to his wife dated May 7, 1864, the Private Private notes his own thoughts about the causes of Federal, what the Confederate victory means to the nation, and the rampant corruption in government and economic environments:
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