Battery vanadium redox (VRB), also known as vanadium flow batteries (VFB) or redox vanadium flow batteries (VRFB), is a flow battery type refills that use vanadium ions in various oxidation states to store chemical potential energy. The vanadium redox battery utilizes the capability of vanadium to exist in solution in four different oxidation states, and uses this property to create a battery that has only one electroactive element, not two. For some reason, including its relatively large size, most of today's vanadium batteries are used for network energy storage, such as those attached to a power plant or power grid.
The possibility of making vanadium flow batteries explored by Pissoort diverse in the 1930s, NASA researchers in the 1970s, and Pellegri and Spaziante in the 1970s, but none of them managed to demonstrate the technology. The first successful demonstration of an all-vanadium redox redox battery using vanadium in sulfuric acid solutions in half was by Maria Skyllas-Kazacos at the University of New South Wales in the 1980s. The design uses sulfuric acid electrolytes, and was patented by the University of New South Wales in Australia in 1986.
The main advantage of vanadium redox batteries is that it can offer almost unlimited energy capacity only by using larger electrolyte storage tanks, it can be left completely discharged for long periods without adverse effects, if the electrolyte is accidentally mixed, the battery is not suffer. permanent damage, a charge condition between two electrolytes avoids degradation of capacity due to single cells in non-flowing batteries, aqueous and non-flammable inherent and aqueous electrolytes, and a 3rd generation formulation using mixed acid solutions developed. by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory operating over a wider range of temperatures allowing passive cooling
The main disadvantage of vanadium redox technology is the relatively poor energy-to-volume ratio compared to standard storage batteries (although the Generation 3 formulation has doubled the system's energy density), and the dilute electrolyte makes the battery heavy and therefore only useful for stationary applications.
Many companies and organizations are involved in the funding and development of vanadium redox batteries including Vionx (formerly Power Premium), UniEnergy Technologies and Ashlawn Energy in the United States; Renewable Energy Dynamics Technology in Ireland; Gildemeister AG (formerly Cellstrom GmbH in Austria, has now changed) in Germany; Selenium in Thailand Rongke Power; Energy Wisely in China; Sumitomo in Japan; H2, Inc. in South Korea; RedT in the UK, Vanadium Australia in Australia, and Imergy who is now dead (formerly Deeya). Recently, as well as some smaller size of vanadium redox batteries brought to the market (for residential applications) mainly from StorEn Technologies (USA), Schmid Group, VoltStorage and Volterion (third from Germany), VisBlue (Denmark) or Pinflow energy storage (Czech)).
Video Vanadium redox battery
Operasi
The vanadium redox battery consists of a collection of electrical cells in which two electrolytes are separated by a proton exchange membrane. Electrodes in carbon-based VRB cells; the most common types are carbon, carbon paper, carbon cloth, and graphite. Recently, carbon nanotube-based electrodes have gained the attention of the scientific community. Both electrolytes are vanadium-based, electrolytes in positive half cells containing VO 2 and VO 2 ions, electrolytes in negative half cells, V 3 and V 2 ion. Electrolytes can be prepared by several processes, including the release of vanadium pentoxide electrolytically in sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). The solution remains very acidic in its use.
In a vanadium flow battery, the two half-cells are also connected to storage tanks and pumps so that very large electrolyte volumes can be circulated through the cell. This liquid electrolyte circulation is rather complicated and limits the use of vanadium flow batteries in mobile applications, effectively locking it into large fixed installations.
When the vanadium battery is being charged, the VO 2 ion in the positive half cell is converted to ion VO 2 ion when the electrons are removed from the battery positive terminal. Similarly in negative half cells, electrons are introduced convert V 3 ions to V 2 . During discharge, this process is reversed and generates a typical open circuit voltage of 1.41 V at 25 ° C.
Another useful feature of vanadium flow batteries is its very rapid response to the burden of load and its huge overload capacity. Studies by the University of New South Wales have shown that they can achieve a response time of less than half a millisecond for 100% load change, and allow 400% overload for 10 seconds. The response time is largely limited by electrical equipment. Sulfur-based vanadium-based batteries only work between 10 and 40 ° C. Below that temperature range, ionized ionic sulfate acids crystallize. The efficiency of round trip in practical applications is about 65-75%.
Suggest an increase
The second generation vanadium/bromine vanadium battery can roughly double the energy density and increase the temperature range at which the battery can operate.
Despite the traditional pumping requirements, nanoFlowcell AG has developed proprietary energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications that are exhibited through a number of Quant vehicle prototypes, using rapid replacement of electrolytes to recharge batteries.
Maps Vanadium redox battery
Specific energy and energy density
The production of redox vanadium batteries currently achieves a specific energy of about 20 Wh/kg (72 kJ/kg) of electrolyte. More recent research at UNSW suggests that use of rainfall inhibitors may increase density by approximately 35 Wh/kg (126 kJ/kg), with higher density possible by controlling the temperature of the electrolyte. This specific energy is quite low compared to other rechargeable battery types (eg, lead-acid, 30-40 Wh/kg (108-144 kJ/kg), and lithium ions, 80-200 Wh/kg (288-720 kJ/kg)).
Apps
The enormous possible capacity of the redox vanadium battery makes it suitable for use in large power storage applications such as helping the production of highly variable generator sources such as wind or solar power, helping generators cope with large spikes in demand or flatten out supply/demand at region constrained transmission.
The limited self-discharge characteristics of redox vanadium batteries make them useful in applications where batteries must be stored for long periods of time with little maintenance while maintaining a ready state. This led to their adoption in some military electronics, such as the GATOR mine system sensor component. Their ability to fully cycle and stay on a 0% charge state makes them suitable for solar storage applications where batteries must start empty each day and charge depending on load and weather. Lithium Ion batteries, for example, are usually damaged when they are allowed to dispose under 20% charge state, so they usually only operate between about 20% and 100%, which means they only use 80% of the capacity of their name plates.
Their very fast response time also makes them particularly suitable for UPS type applications, where they can be used to replace lead-acid batteries and even diesel generators. Also the fast response time makes them suitable for frequency setting. Economically, both UPS applications and battery frequency regulation are currently unsustainable, but batteries are able to coat these applications with other uses to take advantage of multiple sources of revenue. In addition, this capability makes the Vanadium redox battery an effective "all-in-one" solution for microgrids that depend on reliable operation, frequency setting and has the need for load transfer (either from high renewable penetration, highly variable load or desire to optimize generator efficiency through time-shifting delivery).
Battery largest vanadium grid
200MW, 800 MWh (4 hours) redox redox batteries are being built in China; is expected to be completed by 2018.
See also
- List of battery types
- Polysulfide bromide battery
- Battery (electric)
- Fuel cell
- Energy storage
References
Additional references
- Presentation paper from 2001 IEEE summer conference
- UNSW Site on Vanadium Battery
- Report by World Energy
- World Map Of Global Vanadium Deposits Vanadium geology is quite unusual compared to basic metal ore bodies.
- "Redox Flow Battery Increase For Electric Car". ScienceDaily/Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft . October 13, 2009 . Retrieved June 21 2014 .
External links
- VRB in UNSW
- VRB in everything2
- The Need for Vanadium Redox Energy Storage in Wind Turbine Generators Clean power generation of all forms of renewable energy in America increased by more than 15% between 2005 and 2009.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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