Luigi Aloisio Galvani ( ; Italian: Ã, [? al'va : ni] ; Latin: Aloysius Galvanus ; September 9, 1737 - December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher, who finds animal electricity. He is recognized as a pioneer of bioelectromagnetics. In 1780, he discovered that the muscles of dead frog's legs twitched when being attacked by electric sparks. This is one of the first findings in bioelectricity studies, a field that is still studying electrical patterns and signals from tissues such as nerves and muscles.
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Luigi Galvani was born from Domenico and Barbara Caterina Foschi, in Bologna, who later became part of the Pontifical State. Domenico is a goldsmith, and Barbara is his fourth wife. His family is not aristocratic, but they are able to send at least one of their sons to study at the university. At first Galvani wanted to enter the church, so he joined the religious institution, Oratorio dei Padri Filippini, at the age of 15. He planned to take a religious oath, but his parents persuaded him not to. Around the year 1755, Galvani entered the Art Faculty of the University of Bologna. Galvani attended a medical course, which lasted for four years, and was characterized by his "nerdy" teaching. The text that dominates this course is by Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna.
Another discipline that Galvani studied in addition to drugs was surgery. He studied his theory and practice. Part of his biography is usually ignored, but it helps his experiments with animals and helps to get used to Galvani with the manipulation of living bodies.
In 1759, Galvani graduated with a degree in medicine and philosophy. He applied for a position as a lecturer at the university. Part of this process required him to defend his thesis on June 21, 1761. In the following year, 1762, he became a permanent anatomist from the university and was appointed honorary lecturer of surgery. That same year he married Lucia Galeazzi, the daughter of one of his professors, Gusmano Galeazzi. Galvani moved to Galeazzi's house and helped his father-in-law's research. When Galeazzi died in 1775, Galvani was appointed professor and lecturer at Galeazzi's place.
Galvani moved from a surgical lecturer position to a theoretical anatomy and earned an appointment at the Academy of Sciences in 1776. His new designation consisted of anatomical practical teaching, performed by human surgery and the use of a famous anatomical candle.
As a "Benedictine member" of the Academy of Sciences, Galvani has a special responsibility. Its main responsibility is to present at least one research paper annually at the Academy, which Galvani did until his death. There are periodical publications that collect memoir options presented at the institute and sent to major academies and scientific institutions around the world. However, since the publication was very slow, there was sometimes a debate about the priority of the topic being used. One of these debates occurred with Antonio Scarpa. This debate caused Galvani to surrender the field of research he had served for four consecutive years: hearing birds, four-legged animals, and humans. Galvani has announced all the findings in his talks, but has not published them yet. There are allegations that Scarpa attended the Galvani public dissertation and claimed some of Galvani's discoveries without giving him credit.
Galvani then became interested in the field of "medical electricity". This field appeared in the mid-18th century, after electrical research and the discovery of electrical effects on the human body.
Early Galvani experiments with bioelectricity have a popular legend that says Galvani is slowly skinning a frog on a table where he has experimented with static electricity by rubbing frog skin. Galvani's assistant touched the open sciatic nerve from the frog with a metal scalpel taking charge. At that moment, they saw the sparks and the dead frog's legs being kicked as if in life. This observation made Galvani the first investigator to appreciate the connection between electricity and animation - or life. This finding provides the basis for a new understanding that the impetus behind muscle movement is the electrical energy carried by the liquid (ion), and not the air or fluid as in previous balloon theory.
Galvani coined the term "animal electric" to describe the forces that activate the muscles of the specimen. Along with his contemporaries, he considers their activation as being generated by electrical fluid being carried to the muscles by the nerves. The phenomenon is called galvanism after Galvani, on the advice of his colleague and the enemy of intellectuals sometimes Alessandro Volta. Galvani is properly credited with the invention of bioelectricity. Currently, the study of the galvanic effect in biology is called electrophysiology , the term galvanism is used only in the historical context.
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Galvani vs. Volta
Volta, a professor of experimental physics at Pavia University, was one of the first scientists to repeat and examine Galvani's experiments. At first, he embraced the electric animals. However, it begins to doubt that conduction is caused by specific electricity attached to the legs of animals or other body parts. Volta believes that contraction depends on the metal cable that Galvani uses to connect the nerves and muscles in his experiments.
The investigation of Volta immediately led to the discovery of early batteries. Galvani believes that the animal's electricity comes from the muscles in his pelvis. Volta, in opposition, argues that animal electricity is a physical phenomenon caused by rubbing frog skin and not metallic electricity.
Every cell has cell potential; Biological electricity has the same chemical basics as the current between electrochemical cells, and can thus be duplicated outside the body. His intuition was true. Volta, in essence, objected to Galvani's conclusion of "animal electric fluid", but the two scientists disagreed with respect and Volta coined the term "Galvanism" for the direct electric current generated by chemical action. Thus, due to an argument between the two in relation to the source or cause of electricity, Volta built the first battery to specifically disprove his counterpart theory. "Pile" Volta became known therefore as a voltaic pile.
After the controversy with Volta, Galvani remained low in part due to his attitude to the controversy, and partly because his health and spirit had declined, especially after the death of his wife, Lucia, in 1790.
Because Galvani was reluctant to intervene in controversy with Volta, he trusted his niece, Giovanni Aldini, to act as the primary defender of the animal electrical theory.
Landmark Galvani in Bologna
Galvani House in Bologna has been preserved and can be seen in the center.
Galvani's monument . In the square dedicated to him, overlooking the Archiginnasio palace, the ancient site of the University of Bologna, a large marble statue has been erected for scientists while observing one of his famous frog experiments.
Liceo Ginnasio Luigi Galvani . This famous high school ( liceo ) since 1860 is named after Luigi Galvani.
Religious belief
Galvani, according to William Fox, is "by a brave and religious nature." Jean-Louis-Marc Alibert said of Galvani that he never ended his lesson "without urging his listeners and bringing them back to the idea of ​​eternal Eternal, which develops, preserves, and circulates life among so many diverse creatures."
Death and inheritance
Galvani actively investigated the electric animals until the end of his life. The Republic of Cisalpine, a French client country founded in 1797 after the French occupation of Northern Italy, requires that every university professor swear allegiance to the new authority. Galvani, who disagrees with social and political confusion, refuses to swear allegiance, along with other colleagues. This has caused the new authorities to seize him from all his academic and public office, which takes every financial support. Galvani died in Bologna, at his brother's house, depressed and poor, on December 4, 1798.
The Galvani Heritage includes:
- The Galvani report on his investigation is mentioned specifically by Mary Shelley as part of a summer reading list that leads to an ad hoc ghost story contest on a rainy day in Switzerland - and the novel produced by Frankenstein - and its reanimation construction. However, there is no direct mention of electricity at Frankenstein .
- The Galvani name also survives as a verb in galvanization and in more specific terms: Galvanic cells, potential Galvanic, Galvanic corrosion, galvanometer, galvanization, and Galvanic skin response.
- The Galvani crater on the Moon is named after him.
- The SocietÃÆ' Chimica Italiana gives a medal to recognize the work of foreign electrochemical experts.
- R & amp; D bioelectronics company Galvani Bioelectronics is named after its name
Work
- De viribus electricitatis , 1791. International Center for History of Universities and Science (CIS), UniversitÃÆ' in Bologna
References
Source
- Heilbron, John L., ed. (2003). The Oxford Companion for the History of Modern Science . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199743766.
External links
- The dictionary definition of galvanization in Wiktionary
- Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Galvani, Luigi". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
- Media related to Luigi Galvani on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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